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Showing posts with label carcinoma. Show all posts
Showing posts with label carcinoma. Show all posts

12 May 2022

Addition of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors to Chemotherapy vs Chemotherapy Alone as First-Line Treatment in Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

 

Addition of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors to Chemotherapy vs Chemotherapy Alone as First-Line Treatment in Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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Abstract

Introduction: The addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) to conventional chemotherapy (CT) as first-line treatment improves survival in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC). The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine the relative efficacy of first-line ICIs compared with CT in patients with ES-SCLC.

Methods: Two independent reviewers extracted relevant data according to PRISMA guidelines and assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk-of-bias tool. Meta-analysis was conducted using random-effects models to calculate an average effect size for overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and safety outcomes in the overall populations and clinically relevant subgroups.

Results: A literature search of PubMed and Embase was performed. Six randomized controlled clinical trials (IMpower133, CHECKMATE-451, CASPIAN, KEYNOTE-604, and phase II and III ipilimumab plus CT trials) with a total of 3757 patients were included. Compared with CT alone, ICIs plus CT showed a favourable effect on OS (hazard ratio [HR] 0.85; 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.79-0.96) and PFS (HR 0.78; 95% CI 0.72-0.83) but a non-significant increase in the risk of experiencing any adverse event (relative risk, 1.05; 95% CI 0.99-1.11). The estimated HR for OS favoured ICI combinations in all planned subgroups according to age (< 65 years/≥ 65 years), sex (men/women), and ECOG performance status (0/1). Analysis by specific ICI revealed significant improvements in OS only for atezolizumab + CT (HR 1.36; 95% CI 1.09-1.69) and durvalumab + CT (HR 1.35; 95% CI 1.12-1.62) compared with CT alone.

Conclusion: Combining anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 antibodies with platinum/etoposide is a superior therapeutic approach compared to CT alone for the first-line treatment of patients with ES-SCLC.

Keywords: Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies; Chemotherapy; Immunotherapy; Meta-analysis; Small cell lung carcinoma.

 

20 April 2016

Datos supervivencia Opdivo® muestran un beneficio significativo en carcinoma metastásico de células escamosas de cabeza y cuello

Bristol-Myers Squibb  ha anunciado los primeros datos del estudio CheckMate-141, un ensayo de fase 3, abierto, aleatorizado, que evalúa nivolumab en pacientes con carcinoma de células escamosas de cabeza y cuello (CCECC) recurrente o metastásico en comparación con el tratamiento de elección (metotrexato, docetaxel o cetuximab) y después de tratamiento a base de platino. En el ensayo, en el que se evaluó al supervivencia global (SG) como objetivo principal, los pacientes tratados con nivolumab experimentaron una reducción del 30% del riesgo de muerte, con una mediana de SG de 7,5 meses (IC del 95%: 5,5-9,1) en comparación con 5,1 meses (IC del 95%: 4,0-6,0) con el tratamiento de elección del investigador (CR=0,70 [IC del 97,73%: 0,51 - 0,96], p=0,0101). La tasa de supervivencia a un año con nivolumab fue del 36% en comparación con el 16,6% con el tratamiento de elección del investigador. El perfil de seguridad de nivolumab en el ensayo CheckMate -141 fue consistente con ensayos previos, sin que se identificaran nuevos indicadores.
            Estos datos se presentaron durante la rueda de prensa de la Reunión Anual de 2016 de la American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) y durante la Sesión Plenaria de Ensayos Clínicos de Inmunooncología.
            Maura Gillison, MD, Ph.D., investigadora principal y titular de la Cátedra Jeg Coughlin de Investigación sobre el Cáncer, del Centro Médico Wexner de la Universidad Estatal de Ohio, comentó "el carcinoma de células escamosas de cabeza y cuello que progresa después de tratamiento con platino es una enfermedad con un pronóstico muy malo. No hay tratamientos sistémicos que mejoren la supervivencia y, por tanto, existe una gran necesidad no cubierta de nuevas opciones terapéuticas para los pacientes. En el ensayo CheckMate -141, nivolumab demostró una mejora de la SG en comparación con tres opciones de tratamiento de referencia en esta población global de pacientes, independientemente de los niveles de expresión de PD-L1 y del estado de VPH"
            De acuerdo con un análisis intermedio previsto, este ensayo se detuvo prematuramente en enero de 2016 porque una evaluación realizada por el Comité Independiente de Monitorización de Datos  concluyó que el estudio cumplió su objetivo de valoración principal de SG en pacientes que recibieron nivolumab en comparación con el grupo control.
            Jean Viallet, M.D., director de investigación clínica internacional de la división de Oncología de Bristol-Myers Squibb, comentó, “estamos muy contentos de compartir, por primera vez, datos del estudio CheckMate -141 con la comunidad oncológica en la Reunión Anual de 2016 de la AACR. Nos animan los resultados de supervivencia global observados con este uso experimental de nivolumab frente a tres opciones terapéuticas de referencia en pacientes con carcinoma de células escamosas de cabeza y cuello recidivante o metastásico, que a menudo tienen malas tasas de supervivencia. Estos hallazgos respaldan nuestra investigación en Inmuno-Oncología, dirigida al estudio de opciones de tratamiento potenciales que ayuden a los pacientes con cánceres difíciles de tratar para alcanzar una supervivencia a largo plazo.”

19 August 2015

Possible test for liver cancer using technology for analysing rocks and minerals

A group of clinicians and geochemists are working to develop a test for the most common form of primary liver cancer, HCC (Hepatocellular Carcinoma). HCC kills over 600,000 people worldwide every year. It usually develops from chronic liver disease such as hepatitis or cirrhosis, but there is no good biochemical test to indicate when the cancer develops, meaning that even for patients most at risk, it is nearly impossible to know when a cancer may develop until symptoms appear.  Now a multi-national group of scientists are developing a new test for HCC, based on methods used to measure the stable isotope compositions of rocks and minerals.
Elements in nature tend to have different isotopes (the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons). So for example, in nature, 99% of the carbon is stable carbon-12, 1% is stable carbon-13, and radioactive carbon-14 occurs in trace amounts. This distribution of stable isotopes also occurs with other elements, such as copper and sulphur.
It has been known for some time that in cancer, the body’s copper regulation can be affected. The researchers decided to look at whether the ratios of different copper isotopes varied between HCC patients and normal controls. They compared 23 male HCC patients with 20 controls; they found that the blood of patients with liver cancer had an enriched quantity of certain isotopes in comparison to control patients.
Comparing copper isotopes Cu and  Cu, they found that HCC patients have around 0.4 parts per thousand more Cu relative to Cu than the control patients. This difference was also seen with the Sulphur isotopes S and  S, with blood of patients with HCC is around 1.5 parts per thousand richer in S relative to  S than is normally found.
Group leader, geochemist Vincent Balter (Lyon, France) said
“The findings are interesting and potentially significant. We found that the ratio of  Cu to Cu was higher in the blood of cancer patients than in the blood of controls. Preliminary results seem to show that these ratios are in fact reversed in the tumours themselves, which implies that there is a partition of isotopes between the blood and the tumour.

This opens the way for a blood test. At the moment the results are preliminary, but if we can confirm the validity of an isotopic test for HCC, this might have a significant impact on patients who have chronic liver disease, who risk developing liver cancer”. 

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