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Traductor
09 March 2011
Researchers find drug that stops progression of Parkinson's disease in mice
-The results have been published on line in the Journal of Biological Chemistry, http://www.jbc.org/content/early/2011/03/03/jbc.M110.211029.full.pdf+html.
Lead author Wenbo Zhou, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, and Freed, a national pioneer in Parkinson's research, have found that the drug phenylbutyrate turns on a gene that can protect dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease. The gene, called DJ-1, can increase production of antioxidants like glutathione to reduce the debilitating effects of excess oxygen in brain cells. In addition, activating DJ-1 helps cells eliminate abnormal proteins that otherwise accumulate and kill brain cells. Dopamine neurons are particularly susceptible to too much oxygen and abnormal protein deposits. Parkinson's disease is caused by dying midbrain dopamine neurons.
Zhou and Freed have studied the DJ-1 gene since 2003 when a European group discovered that mutations in DJ-1 could cause Parkinson's disease. The Colorado scientists immediately started work to see why the gene was so important and have published a series of papers on the subject since 2005. But to convert their findings into a practical treatment for Parkinson's disease, they needed to find a drug to turn on the DJ-1 gene.
"We know some drugs can turn on genes. For example, steroids like testosterone act on genes in muscle cells to create muscle bulk," said Freed.
After testing many drugs, the team found that phenylbutyrate could activate DJ-1 and keep dopamine neurons from dying. Next, they put the drug in the drinking water of mice genetically programmed to get Parkinson's disease as they aged.
Aging mice receiving the drug were able to move normally, had no decline in mental function, and their brains did not accumulate the protein that causes Parkinson's. By contrast, older animals that did not get the drug saw a steady decline in their ability to move as their brains were damaged by abnormal proteins.
The researchers began giving phenylbutyrate to people in 2009, to test the safety of the drug in Parkinson patients.
Zhou and Freed will publish the human results in the coming months.
"We look forward to a future when Parkinson patients will be able to take a pill that will turn on the DJ-1 gene and stop the progressive disability associated with the illness," Freed said. "Right now, when you get the diagnosis of Parkinson's, you can expect to have a steady decline in the ability to move. While drugs like L-DOPA are very important for generating dopamine in the brain and making movement possible, these drugs have little impact on the ongoing deterioration of the patients' own brain cells."
Over one million people in the United State have the disease which usually strikes those in their 50s and 60s. Patients have a decline in their ability to walk, talk, and write because of slow movement and rigid muscles. They develop tremors and reflexes slow down. The current treatment of Parkinson's is based on drugs that increase dopamine production in the brain.
Freed is a national leader in transplanting dopamine cells into the human brain to relieve symptoms. He and his neurosurgical colleague Robert Breeze, MD, have done the operation in 61 patients, more than any other group in the world. The procedure can replace the need for drugs but even cell transplants do not prevent the progression of the disease.
Freed and Zhou are now looking for other drugs that might turn on the DJ-1 gene. One drawback of phenylbutyrate is that patients must take very large doses, 16 grams per day or 32 large tablets taken at frequent intervals. While the drug is approved by the FDA for treating a rare genetic disease in infants, whether it can stop Parkinson's in people remains to be seen.
But Zhou and Freed believe the discovery offers new hope for those suffering from Parkinson's disease.
"If we can say to someone that as of today we can stop your disease from getting worse, that would be a truly significant achievement," Freed said.
**Source: University of Colorado Denver
Epilepsy-linked memory losss worries more patients than doctors
Patients and practitioners agreed overall on three of the top five concerns: having a seizure unexpectedly, the legal right or ability to drive and seizures not being controlled. Practitioners ranked problems with medication side effects as their second-highest concern, and patients ranked being a burden to their family as their fifth-highest concern.
Both groups agreed that having a seizure unexpectedly was the No. 1 concern. Almost three-fourths of practitioners and just over half of patients ranked unexpected seizures as their biggest worry.
"In a lot of cases, there was a fair amount of overlap, but the thing that the patients had on their radar screen that practitioners didn't was the memory issue. Memory was a concern for a larger percentage of the patients than we had anticipated," said James McAuley, associate professor of pharmacy practice and neurology at Ohio State University and lead author of the study.
"Indirectly, we address memory concerns in the clinic by addressing seizures. But we don't typically sit down with a patient and say, 'Tell me about your memory.' This has heightened the awareness of our clinicians and should serve as a wake-up call to all practitioners treating people with epilepsy."
The National Institutes of Health describes epilepsy as a brain disorder affecting an estimated 2 million Americans in which clusters of nerve cells in the brain signal abnormally, causing strange sensations, emotions and behavior or sometimes convulsions, muscle spasms and loss of consciousness. In about 80 percent of patients, seizures can be controlled with medication or surgery.
-The study is published in a recent issue of the journal Epilepsy & Behavior.
McAuley and colleagues collected survey responses from 257 patients seen in Ohio State's outpatient epilepsy clinic between March 2009 and February 2010, as well as from five clinicians – four physicians and a nurse practitioner – who treated those patients. McAuley practices in the clinic as a drug therapy adviser and did not participate in the survey.
The questionnaire listed 20 potential concerns of patients with epilepsy. These included the highest concerns generally agreed upon by all respondents, as well as a host of others: holding down a job or achieving desired education and employment goals, mood issues, medical costs, treatment by others and sexual health.
Respondents were asked to scan the entire list of 20 concerns and rank only their top five concerns in order from highest to lowest. The researchers documented both the frequency of responses as well as the ranks of the concerns based on their average overall scores.
The study revealed two gaps between how the two groups thought about the disorder: Patients as a group were far more concerned about memory loss than were practitioners, and practitioners demonstrated more concern about unexpected seizures than did patients.
"The mantra in our clinic is, 'No seizures, no side effects,' so uncontrolled seizures are seen as a medical concern by practitioners," McAuley said. "Patients tend to not want to have seizures because of the social stigma. An interesting point in this context is that we believe in the clinic that if we can improve seizures, we will improve memory."
In all, 71 percent of practitioners listed an unexpected seizure as their top concern, compared to 51 percent of patients. Forty-two percent of patients listed memory among their top five concerns, compared to only 21 percent of practitioners.
McAuley said that people with epilepsy know that cognition can be an issue for patients over time. There are generally four ways that memory can be affected by epilepsy: medication side effects, uncontrolled seizures, the effects of the disease itself on the brain, and associated mood disorders such as depression and anxiety.
He said that memory loss in epilepsy patients tends to be accompanied by awareness of the forgetfulness. For example, patients might know they went out to lunch a few days ago, but cannot remember what they ate.
Research has shown that drugs specifically designed to improve memory, such as those for patients with dementia, have not been effective in patients with epilepsy – this is probably because the medications act on a completely different part of the brain, McAuley noted.
Patients with epilepsy who require multiple drugs to control their seizures are at higher risk of suffering side effects as a result of the combined drugs, he added. About 15 drugs compose the arsenal of medications available to treat the disorder.
For these reasons, McAuley said, practitioners strive to prescribe medications at dose levels that can control seizures while also minimizing side effects – a sometimes daunting task. The most common side effect associated with these drugs is sleepiness, he said. This can occur with medicines designed to dampen excitation in the affected area of the brain.
"If you overshoot the dampening by applying more brake than gas, then there is a potential that the patient may be tired," he said.
Some antiepileptic medicines can also cause weight gain or weight loss.
The questionnaire's demographic data showed that 57 percent of respondents, or 147 patients, had had seizures within the last six months. Only two overall responses differed significantly based on these characteristics: Patients with controlled seizures were more likely to report the legal right or ability to drive as one of their top concerns as compared with patients with uncontrolled seizures, and patients with uncontrolled seizures were more likely to report a lack of seizure control as a concern than were patients whose seizures were controlled.
McAuley noted that he was surprised to find that the strong concern about memory crossed over both groups of patients.
"I would have anticipated that if patients are doing well, they are not worried about memory, driving, or loved ones having to take care of them because they are doing OK," he said. "That also tells us that even though they're doing OK, they know that because of the unexpected nature of seizures that it could happen tomorrow, next week or two years from now. So I guess there is still underlying anxiety that seizures may return."
The researchers concluded that overall, practitioners are aware of their patients' concerns, memory notwithstanding. Patients' five most frequent concerns matched the seven most frequent concerns listed by practitioners.
The scientists plan to delve more deeply into this area of research by exploring what causes are behind memory problems that patients do report.
"We'll try to differentiate the cause of the memory problem and that will help guide us to either increase medication doses to get better control of seizures, decrease doses to eliminate side effects, or use an antidepressant to address mood," McAuley said. "It's quite a murky area and our goal is to learn more by dissecting the reasons for memory loss."
**Source: Ohio State University
Marcapasos compatibles con Resonancia Magnética

Tecnología de resonancia magnética para pacientes con marcapasos
Los marcapasos y electrodos se han diseñado específicamente para permitir un diagnóstico por imagen de forma segura. Al activar el modo específico de resonancia magnética antes de iniciar el examen, el paciente se enfrenta con mayor seguridad al proceso de diagnóstico por imagen.
Proporciona la terapia para reducir la estimulación innecesaria del ventrículo derecho. La terapia permite al corazón latir por sí mismo.
Completamente automático
El funcionamiento completamente automático de los nuevos sistemas de marcapasos implica mayor seguridad en los pacientes y mayor facilidad de uso para los médicos.
Diseñado para garantizar la seguridad
Tras 10 años de investigaciones exhaustivas y rigurosas pruebas para diseñar los nuevos dispositivos, los portadores de marcapasos ya pueden beneficiarse del mejor diagnóstico por imagen de manera segura bajo determinadas condiciones.
A more definitive test for a common sexually transmitted infection
The lead author of the study, Kimberle Chapin, M.D., director of the microbiology lab at Rhode Island Hospital, says, "Despite a worldwide prevalence rate likely to be double that of gonorrhea or chlamydia combined, TV is not currently a reportable disease in the United States."
The authors tested the effectiveness of the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cleared diagnostic test for differentiating and identifying the pathogens associated with bacterial vaginitis compared with another test that uses a special type of amplification for the detection of TV, known as the APTIMA assay. Clinical trials of the assay were recently completed and it has been submitted to the FDA for clearance.
The authors studied the specimens from 766 women. Through their study, they found that the AFFIRM assay, which is commonly used in OB/GYN patients, produced both false positive and false negative results, while the APTIMA assay detected 36 percent more TV-infected women yielding a sensitivity of 100 percent and no false positives.
Chapin says, "We also found that TV was most prevalent in women ages 36 to 45 and in women ages 51 to 60. While this was definitely surprising and a new finding in these age groups, this data has now also been substantiated in the FDA clinical trial data involving multiple sites in the US including Rhode Island Hospital. In the Rhode Island population with a low prevalence of sexually transmitted infections, we found that Trichomonas vaginalis infection was higher than that of chlamydia and gonorrhea, supporting the need for routine testing for TV and suggesting a different reason for why women may be seeing their physicians with certain gynecologic complaints."
**Source: Lifespan
La UCI endurece la política antidopaje y prohíbe las infiltraciones por la mala imagen de usar jeringuillas
Los sindicatos ciclistas todavía no se han pronunciado al respecto, ya que la prohibición de las infiltraciones (corticoides contra las tendinitis o analgésicos para combatir el dolor) puede provocar una auténtica deserción de corredores en las terceras semanas de las grandes rondas (Giro, Tour y Vuelta), ya que la mayoría de ciclistas, con casi 3.000 kilómetros en las piernas, presentan algún tipo de cuadro clínico que determina a los médicos de los equipos usar este tipo de terapia. "Las jeringuillas que aparecen en los hoteles provocan una mala imagen en el ciclismo", ha afirmado en Francia Pat McQuaid, presidente de la UCI, para defender la aplicación de la nueva norma.
Un médico de equipo, que prefiere mantenerse en el anónimato, desmiente al dirigente ya que afirma: "Todos los grandes equipos que usamos alguna jeringuilla con fines terapéuticos no las echamos en las papeleras de las habitaciones jamás, sino en los recipientes para el reciclaje que todos llevamos". Este mismo facultativo defiende que las infiltraciones están a la orden del día en la mayoría de deportes profesionales y que en cada jornada de Liga, por ejemplo, son muchísimos los futbolistas que juegan infiltrados, circunstancia que no se acostumbra a esconder a los medios informativos, porque no supone ninguna vulneración de la reglamentación antidopaje.
En la París-Niza, que este año se disputa muy mermada de figuras (por ejemplo, no la corren ni Alberto Contador ni Andy Schleck), se está experimentando el nuevo modelo antidopaje. Se realizarán, al menos 70 controles de orina y otros 20 de sangre. La UCI también ha prohíbido en todas las carreras que no pertenecen a la UCI World .
**Publicado en "El Periódico de Catalunya"
Los chefs creen que hay que buscar la salud en la dieta diaria y no en el restaurante
Sin embargo ni él, ni la mayoría de sus colegas, son ajenos al creciente interés social por el cuidado de la alimentación. Y en su papel de prescriptores dedican una parte de su tiempo, casi siempre fuera del restaurante, a intentar avanzar en ese terreno. “Tratar de salud en la alta cocina es hipocresía, creo que la gastronomía es un estímulo para el placer y algo a lo que la gente suele recurrir sólo 15 días al año. Lo que debe preocuparnos es comer de forma saludable los 350 días restantes”. De esa cuestión trata el libro que él publicó hace unos meses junto a Valentí Fuster y Josep Corbella, La cocina de la salud, o el que presentará en otoño, La cocina de la familia, en que aparecen 31 menús para comer de forma equilibrada por sólo tres euros por persona y que fueron pensados para los almuerzos diarios del equipo de El Bulli. Y de eso se preocupa, sobre todo, la Fundació Alícia, de la que es impulsor junto a Fuster. “Existe un papel social de los chefs que es cada vez más interesante, y la salud es una de sus vertientes”.
También Joan Roca (El Celler de Can Roca) está involucrado en un proyecto que relaciona la cocina y la salud.
En su caso se trata de un trabajo con el IRTA (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries) para la desinfección de ostras y moluscos utilizando alta presión sin temperatura, con el que destruyen los virus. Intentan así evitar intoxicaciones como la que afectó a numerosos clientes del británico Fat Duck hace dos años. Explica Roca que más que estar preocupado por ofrecer una cocina saludable en su restaurante, le interesa que ésta resulte fácil de digerir y que cumpla ciertos parámetros de salud. “Todos hemos eliminado grasas animales y utilizamos cocciones más saludables, con las que los productos conservan más cualidades organolépticas. Cada vez ofrecemos más vegetales y, en nuestro caso, más zumos de frutas emulsionados con aceite de oliva a modo de salsas”. Reconoce este cocinero que tanto él como la mayoría de colegas de su generación se preocupan por algunos aspectos de la salud en la cocina en los que cuando eran más jóvenes no reparaban. “Nosotros mismos nos cuidamos más en el día a día a medida que nos hacemos más mayores. Y creo que los clientes aprecian la ligereza, la menor presencia de grasas y féculas y el incremento de vegetales en la alta cocina”.
Sonríe Carme Ruscalleda cuando se le pregunta sobre el complejo binomio. “Yo pienso en la salud y he hecho estudiar mis menús del Sant Pau por nutricionistas, pero eso no evita que en restaurantes como el nuestro nos pasemos de la raya. Aquí la gente viene a pecar y yo peco en busca del placer, pero procuro hacerlo con los mejores productos de mi entorno”. El día a día es otra cosa. Por eso Ruscalleda y su hijo Raül Balam, que está al frente de la cocina del restaurante Moments en el hotel barcelonés Mandarín Oriental, acaban de presentar un menú antiedad con el apoyo de la clínica Planas para aquellos clientes que quieren disfrutar de una buena comida bien equilibrada.
El cocinero vasco Josean Martínez Alija, del restaurante bilbaíno Guggenheim, explica que vive el interés por lo saludable como algo de sentimiento: “A mí me preocupa. De muy joven iba a los restaurantes y me saturaba. Ahora procuro destilar los sabores, buscar la esencia”. Para él la mayor contribución de los chefs es la variedad de alimentos que ofrecen en unos tiempos en que “en casa, por comodidad, la dieta es cada vez menos variada y la gente acaba moviéndose entre una veintena de productos”. La cocina que él hace debe tener alma: “Nosotros buscamos productos muy especiales, y eso nos obliga a tener una red de suministradores que no es fácil conseguir, pero con eso no basta. La alta gastronomía se mueve en un ámbito en que se buscan otros estímulos. La excelencia no es suficiente”.
Xavier Pellicer, que tras el reciente fallecimiento de Santi Santamaria es el máximo responsable de la cocina de Can Fabes (Sant Celoni), reconoce que los grandes restaurantes son lugares para el exceso, pero que a la vez su interés por conseguir lo mejor del entorno, la búsqueda de la trazabilidad, de lo bien hecho, y las formas de cocinar que conservan mucho más que antes los nutrientes, son una magnífica aportación al ámbito de lo saludable. “Pero sólo el alcohol o el dulce que se toma en estos establecimientos ya es puro exceso”. Este cocinero participa con La Casa dels Xukis, centro que acoge a familias que se han desplazado para que sus hijos sigan un tratamiento contra el cáncer, y a las que orienta en la alimentación de los pequeños. Como buena parte de sus colegas se mueve entre la búsqueda del placer, ese “pasarse de la raya”, y el deseo de satisfacer a una clientela para la que la salud es importante.
**Publicado en "La Vanguardia"
Dolors Sintes en EL PAIS: "En ningún caso debe utilizarse un vial con más de un paciente"

Dolors Sintes es la presidenta de la Sociedad Catalana de Anestesiología y Reanimación.
Pregunta. ¿Qué es y qué riesgos tiene el Propofol?
Respuesta. Es un hipnótico. Su uso está muy extendido por la rapidez con la que se metaboliza, por lo que el paciente puede despertarse en unos pocos minutos si se desea. Es un fármaco delicado, que requiere un manejo por profesionales bien formados. Tiene el riesgo de su facilidad para contaminarse.
P. ¿Puede utilizarse un solo vial para más de un paciente?
R. No, en ningún caso. Ni siquiera en el más grande, el de 100 mililitros. Este sirve para sedaciones largas de un solo paciente, no para utilizarlo en varios.
P. Pues puede parecer que esto se respeta poco. Ya ha habido varios casos en Cataluña y ahora otro en Galicia.
R. Aquí hay que aclarar dos cosas. La primera es que no creo que se respete poco. Si miramos las estadísticas de operaciones y endoscopias que se realizan cada día, veremos que son solo unos pocos casos. La segunda es que con estos fármacos los errores son muy graves, a veces mortales. La anestesiología es un poco como la aviación.
P. ¿Puede haber una voluntad de ahorro en la reutilización de los viales unidosis?
R. Espero que no. Estos errores se deben más a malos hábitos, falta de formación, comodidad...
P. La Generalitat les avisó de los brotes. ¿Qué hicieron?
R. Difundimos el aviso a todos nuestros afiliados y recordamos que nuestra sociedad ha publicado una guía de buenas prácticas.
P. Parece que muchas veces no son anestesistas quienes sedan en endoscopias. En los brotes en Cataluña habían intervenido digestólogos, enfermeros...
R. Es cierto. Nosotros, desde la sociedad, queremos minimizar riesgos. Sería bueno que los profesionales que intervienen en toda sedación estén lo mejor formados posible. Tras publicar la guía, en julio de 2010, nos ofrecimos a formar a todos los profesionales sanitarios relacionados con las sedaciones que lo desearan.
P. ¿A cuántos han formado?
R. La verdad es que a ninguno. No ha habido demanda.
**Publicado en "El Pais"
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