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30 August 2010
Investigan si sustancias de la piel de las ranas servirían para crear nuevos antibióticos

Ultra-endurance athletes suffer no cardiac fatigue, even after six days of non-stop exercise
In a research project aimed at understanding the effect of prolonged exercise on the heart, the Karolinska Institutet and the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences studied a group of competitors taking part in the Adventure Racing World Championship. The results show no evidence of cardiac fatigue despite the fact that this is a continuous endurance event lasting between five and seven days.
The Adventure Racing World Championship is a true test of endurance. It is held over 800 kilometres of challenging terrain, and competitors have to complete the course non-stop using mountain-biking, trekking, kayaking and in-line skating. The event offered the perfect opportunity to study the unknown effects of the heart’s response to prolonged exercise in conditions of sleep deprivation and energy deficiency. 15 athletes were selected for the study (12 male and 3 female), all of whom had hearts within the normal size range. During the event, they exercised almost continuously for approximately 150 hours, at an average work intensity of 40% (in terms of respective VO2 peak).
Commenting on the study, C. Mikael Mattsson from the Karolinska Institutet said that, “Significant interest is emerging in investigating whether extreme workload damages the heart, or if any measured changes are signs of fatigue, similar to that in skeletal muscle. During ultra-endurance competitions, participants have a constantly elevated heart rate for extreme durations, and a possible risk is that heart muscle cells are catabolised, which could lead to severe pathological conditions.”
If cardiac muscle were to respond in the same way as skeletal muscle, the expectation would be for lower contraction velocities after exercise. However, the results of the study show that this was not the case. It is worth noting that these results are not consistent with other studies of endurance events such as marathons or triathlons. The researchers believe that this may be because average intensity was relatively low despite competitors exercising for extended durations that averaged 150 hours. Therefore, a possible conclusion may be that it is exercise intensity rather than exercise duration that is the primary source for cardiac fatigue.
This study is one element of a wider project to investigate how the heart responds to ultra-endurance exercise. Other aspects of the project will examine the physiological profile of athletes, circulatory response, heart impact and changes in the work of the heart, as a result of, or adaptation to, ultra-endurance exercise.
Research results have provided new insights into the effects of long periods of exercise, typically over six hours. C. Mikael Mattsson notes, “Some athletes experience increased levels of blood markers, which can indicate cardiac damage, yet these levels decrease rapidly and are back to normal within approximately 24 hours. This temporary elevation may not be a result of cardiac damage, but rather as a means of protecting and regulating growth. It also appears that athletes who performed best and felt the strongest during the latter part of the exercise had less-affected hearts.”
**Contributors: C. Mikael Mattsson, Britta Lind, Jonas K. Enqvist, Mattias Mårtensson, Björn Ekblom and Lars-Åke Brodin
Cardiac adaptation in elite female athletes
The study was led by Professor Sanjay Sharma, of St. Georges University, London where he is Professor of Cardiology. He is also a member of the ESC’s European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (EACPR), and Medical Director of the London Marathon. “Female athletes do not exhibit the same extent of cardiac adaptation as males. This is because they tend to be smaller and leaner with a lower body mass, and do not reach the same levels of exercise intensity,” he says. “Also, due to the physical differences in chest wall morphology, the typical QRS complexes of females measured on a 12-lead ECG are much less pronounced. The purpose of this study was to determine what changes do occur in elite female athletes that undertake an intensive training regime.”
The study has resulted in four findings:
-The magnitude of left ventricular wall thickness and cavity size is a function of many demographic factors including age and size, as well as the sport undertaken
This finding was confirmed in very important work¹ that was recently published which compared around 200 nationally ranked female athletes from each of these two ethnic groups. Researchers established that black females selected from across 10 sporting disciplines exhibited a greater magnitude of LVH than their white counterparts. 3% of them showed a left ventricle wall thickness of >11mm (typically 12 to 13mm) whereas none of the white athletes exceeded 11mm. 15% of black athletes demonstrated re-polarisation changes compared with just 2% of the white athletes. The study concluded that standardised criteria derived from white athletes could unfairly discriminate against black athletes by leading to unnecessary investigation or even disqualification.
Multivessel and left main disease: indications for surgical and percutaneous intervention

As recently as 2009, the American College of Cardiology issued its Appropriateness Criteria for Coronary Revascularization document (ACCR) in which both multivessel and left main disease subsets are considered surgical indications – and therefore appropriate for CABG – rather than indications for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using stents. The ACCR document suggests that PCI is inappropriate for left main disease and uncertain for multivessel disease.
Doctor William Wijns of the OLV Hospital in Aalst, Belgium was Co-Chair of the ESC/EACTS Task Force that prepared the new guidelines. He believes that the deep insight gained while reviewing the available evidence and developing the guidelines will give better information and guidance on the issue of when to use CABG and PCI for multivessel and left main disease. “There is some evidence to suggest that we should revisit established practice and review the recommendations contained in the ACCR,” he said. “The new guidelines we have written represent, for the first time, consensus opinion between clinical-non interventional cardiologists, interventional cardiologists and cardiac surgeons.”
The new Myocardial Revascularisation Guidelines are the result of co-operation between the ESC and EACTS. They were written by a Task Force of 25 experts made up of surgeons and cardiologists drawn from both organisations. The Task Force was jointly led by Doctor Wijns and Professor Philippe Kolh of EACTS, and copies of the guidelines can be downloaded at http://authors.escardio.org/guidelines-surveys/esc-guidelines.
Spike in heart disorder hospital admissions raises health care concerns
Mr. Wong presented the findings at the European Society of Cardiology’s Scientific Congress in Stockholm, Sweden. The Congress is the largest annual meeting of doctors and scientists in Europe dedicated to the study of cardiovascular disease. “The increasing trend in hospital admissions due to atrial fibrillation is particularly worrying for health care authorities,” Mr. Wong says. “Atrial fibrillation is the most common, sustained heart rhythm disorder in humans, affecting almost one in 10 people over the age of 80. Importantly, left untreated it can have devastating consequences such as stroke and death – one in five strokes are due to this heart rhythm disorder.”
The researchers looked at all hospitalisations due to atrial fibrillation in Australia (population 22 million) over a 10-year period from 1998 to 2008. The 75% increase in hospitalisations was despite a decrease in the length of stay for each admission. “This highlights the fact that not only have the absolute number of admissions increased significantly, but also the percentage of the population hospitalised for atrial fibrillation is continuing to increase at an alarming rate,” Mr. Wong says.
Professor Prashanthan Sanders, an expert on atrial fibrillation and senior author of the study, says the results are a wake-up call for doctors and health care authorities. “There are very few studies that have looked at hospitalisation rates across an entire country due to atrial fibrillation, and none in recent years. This study highlights the enormous public health burden of atrial fibrillation on hospitals and the need for not only better treatments for this increasingly common condition, but also preventative strategies to stop it occurring in the first place,” Professor Sanders says.
Nuevo sistema 3D en ecografía cardíaca desarrollada por Philips
"El sistema permite obtener vistas precisas de zonas del corazón tradicionalmente de difícil acceso por ecografía. Además, las capacidades innovadoras de este nuevo sistema hacen más rápidas y eficientes pruebas complejas, como la ecografía de esfuerzo", explican.
Según Ignacio López Parrilla, director de Ultrasonidos para el Sur de Europa en Philips Healthcare, "las innovadoras prestaciones del sistema, sus beneficios clínicos y su uso sencillo e intuitivo para el cardiólogo hace del 'iE33 xMATRIX' un paso decisivo para extender la ecocardiografía 3D más allá del ámbito de la investigación a la práctica clínica habitual".
Por su parte, el director general del área de Ultrasonidos en Philips Healthcare, Andrew Hatt, ha explicado que "representa el avance más significativo en el campo de la tecnología de ultrasonidos de los últimos 40 años, ya que es una tecnología que proporciona al clínico la capacidad de diagnosticar y tratar a más pacientes en menos tiempo con mayor precisión".
El sistema de ultrasonidos 'iE33 xMATRIX' proporciona una mejora en la calidad de imagen 2D y 3D utilizando un único transductor o sonda, que consigue un gran realismo en las imágenes 3D; además, consigue una adquisición casi instantánea de imágenes con volumen 3D y aporta nuevas herramientas que mejoran y facilitan el tratamiento de la información que debe manejar el cardiólogo a partir de las imágenes en 3D.
Asimismo, permite visualizar a tiempo real y con mayor calidad los flujos de la sangre dentro de las cavidades coronarias mediante imágenes 'doppler' color; accede mediante rotación automática de la sonda a zonas de difícil acceso de manera se reduce el tiempo necesario para obtener las imágenes, y elimina la repetición de pruebas, ya que incorpora un software avanzado mediante el cual el cardiólogo puede obtener, a posteriori, cualquier vista de la estructura cardiaca tras la adquisición de una sola imagen desde el ápex coronario.
Una variante del cromosoma Y predispone a los hombres a enfermedades cardiovasculares

No todos los cromosomas Y son iguales. Hay variantes dentro del cromosoma masculino denominadas 'haplogrupos Y' que, por lo general, están asociadas con regiones geográficas específicas y tienden a indicar el origen de la línea ancestral del varón. A partir de ahí, los científicos británicos se propusieron determinar si "hombres con diferentes variantes del cromosoma Y también tenían diferentes riesgos de sufrir una enfermedad cardiaca", indican.
Para ello, los autores del estudio contaron con la participación de 3.000 hombres, 1.295 clasificados en el grupo de pacientes con trastornos coronarios y el resto en el grupo de control. El 'haplogrupo Y' fue identificado en todos los hombres y los resultados demostraron que aquellos que procedían del 'haplogrupo-I' tenían aproximadamente un 55 por ciento más de riesgo de desarrollar una enfermedad coronaria, en comparación con el resto de haplogrupos.
La asociación entre este haplogrupo con los trastornos cardiacos fue independiente y no motivada por los factores de riesgo tradicionalmente asociados a esta enfermedad, como el colesterol alto, la hipertensión o el tabaquismo. Los hombres con el 'haplogrupo-I' son habituales en el centro, el este y el norte de Europa. Su origen radica en los hombres gravetienses, que llegaron a Europa desde Oriente Medio hace unos 25.000 años.
En este sentido, apuntan los autores del estudio, la escasa presencia de hombres con el 'haplogrupo-I' en los países del sur de Europa, como España, podría explicar los altos niveles de enfermedad cardiaca que se detectan en el norte comparados con el sur. No obstante, reconocen que esta hipótesis requiere de nuevos estudios para ser sustentada.
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