Instituto Mercè Rodoreda de l’ Hospitalet de Llobregat. Once de la mañana, clase de inglés. Los veinte chavales –entre 12 y 13 años– están en el aula, ante sus pupitres, relajados y en un silencio absoluto. “¿Silencio? ¿Qué es eso?”, bromea la profesora de otra escuela al conocer la experiencia. El milagro se debe a la práctica de yoga en clase.
Breves sesiones de yoga adaptadas al contexto escolar, con los alumnos sentados o de pie, entre mesa y silla, bastan para devolver la calma a una clase en plena revolución. “Es evidente que los estiramientos consiguen enderezar la espalda y unos simples ejercicios de respiración calman y mejoran la atención”. Pero no es esta una fórmula que deba tomarse como solución de urgencia para tranquilizar a los alumnos más inquietos. Va mucho más allá. “Son enseñanzas que les sirven fuera de la escuela. Pueden usarlas de por vida: en momentos de estrés, ante una situación agobiante, etcétera... Y en clase, por supuesto, los conflictos disminuyen y ellos se responsabilizan”, explica la profesora Lídia Serra.
“En nuestro gremio, últimamente, estamos viendo muchos casos de maestros con depresiones, con ansiedad... De hecho, empezamos a asistir a clases de yoga para nosotros, los adultos. Y allí descubrimos las aplicaciones en el alumnado”, confiesa Lídia. Ella forma parte del grupo de profesionales que, desde hace cinco años, están introduciendo en Catalunya unas técnicas que en algunos países de Europa –como Francia– ya llevan treinta en las aulas. Puede encontrarse yoga, además, dentro de la lista de optativas de escuelas inglesas, norteamericanas, rusas, australianas...
Constituidos como grupo de trabajo del Institut de Ciències de l’Educació (ICE) de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), esta veintena de personas –docentes y no docentes– trabajan en el yoga, se forman y, a su vez, imparten sus enseñanzas a maestros. Defienden las ventajas de la aplicación del yoga en clase, desde la educación infantil al bachillerato. “Si, como hemos visto, armoniza absolutamente con la nueva ley educativa, si responde a las demandas del informe Delors y la pedagogía sistémica... ¿por qué no llega un respaldo institucional más definitivo?”, plantea Serra.
Los estudios les dan la razón: son técnicas que estimulan las capacidades de aprendizaje y motivación, pulen la relación entre alumnos y profesor, disminuyen la agitación propia de las clases, aumentan el grado de atención y mejoran la conducta. “Los primeros días algunos se sienten extraños, pero luego ellos mismos son los que te piden las técnicas”, explica Eulàlia Muñoz, profesora de inglés que lleva doce años usando el yoga en clase y cinco en el grupo de trabajo. Recibió su formación en Francia. Detalla las ventajas: “Aumenta de modo espectacular la complicidad entre profesor y alumno. Se trata de un trabajo emocional que deja que cada uno crezca a su modo. Aquí no hay uno que lidera y otro que se aparta. Todos son capaces –el niño tímido o el violento– y eso aumenta su autoconocimiento, socialización y concentración”.
El yoga, en definitiva, sería una lección democrática: “Aquí desaparecen los roles, no hay nadie mejor ni peor”.
**Publicado en "LA VANGUARDIA"
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Traductor
03 May 2011
Washing with contaminated soap increases bacteria on hands
People who wash their hands with contaminated soap from bulk-soap-refillable dispensers can increase the number of disease-causing microbes on their hands and may play a role in transmission of bacteria in public settings according to research published in the May issue of the journal Applied and Environmental Microbiology. "Hand washing with soap and water is a universally accepted practice for reducing the transmission of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. However, liquid soap can become contaminated with bacteria and poses a recognized health risk in health care settings," says Carrie Zapka from GOJO Industries in Akron Ohio, the lead researcher on the study that also included scientists from BioScience Laboratories in Bozeman, Montana and the University of Arizona, Tucson.
Bulk-soap-refillable dispensers, in which new soap is poured into a dispenser, are the predominant soap dispenser type in community settings, such as public restrooms. In contrast to sealed-soap dispensers, which are refilled by inserting a new bag or cartridge of soap, they are prone to bacterial contamination and several outbreaks linked to the use of contaminated soap have already been reported in healthcare settings.
In this study Zapka and her colleagues investigated the health risk associated with the use of bulk-soap-refillable dispensers in a community setting. They found an elementary school where all 14 of the soap dispensers were already contaminated and asked students and staff to wash their hands, measuring bacteria levels before and after handwashing. They found that Gram-negative bacteria on the hands of students and staff increased 26-fold after washing with the contaminated soap.
"This is the first study to quantitatively demonstrate that washing hands with contaminated liquid soap actually increases the number of Gram-negative bacteria on hands. Furthermore, the results directly demonstrate that bacteria from contaminated hands can be transferred to secondary surfaces," says Zapka.
Zapka notes that all the participants' hands were decontaminated after testing by washing with uncontaminated soap followed by hand sanitizer. At the conclusion of the study, all the contaminated soap dispensers were replaced with dispensers using sealed-soap refills. After one year of use, not one of them was found to be contaminated.
**Source: American Society for Microbiology
Bulk-soap-refillable dispensers, in which new soap is poured into a dispenser, are the predominant soap dispenser type in community settings, such as public restrooms. In contrast to sealed-soap dispensers, which are refilled by inserting a new bag or cartridge of soap, they are prone to bacterial contamination and several outbreaks linked to the use of contaminated soap have already been reported in healthcare settings.
In this study Zapka and her colleagues investigated the health risk associated with the use of bulk-soap-refillable dispensers in a community setting. They found an elementary school where all 14 of the soap dispensers were already contaminated and asked students and staff to wash their hands, measuring bacteria levels before and after handwashing. They found that Gram-negative bacteria on the hands of students and staff increased 26-fold after washing with the contaminated soap.
"This is the first study to quantitatively demonstrate that washing hands with contaminated liquid soap actually increases the number of Gram-negative bacteria on hands. Furthermore, the results directly demonstrate that bacteria from contaminated hands can be transferred to secondary surfaces," says Zapka.
Zapka notes that all the participants' hands were decontaminated after testing by washing with uncontaminated soap followed by hand sanitizer. At the conclusion of the study, all the contaminated soap dispensers were replaced with dispensers using sealed-soap refills. After one year of use, not one of them was found to be contaminated.
**Source: American Society for Microbiology
Washing with contaminated soap increases bacteria on hands
People who wash their hands with contaminated soap from bulk-soap-refillable dispensers can increase the number of disease-causing microbes on their hands and may play a role in transmission of bacteria in public settings according to research published in the May issue of the journal Applied and Environmental Microbiology. "Hand washing with soap and water is a universally accepted practice for reducing the transmission of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. However, liquid soap can become contaminated with bacteria and poses a recognized health risk in health care settings," says Carrie Zapka from GOJO Industries in Akron Ohio, the lead researcher on the study that also included scientists from BioScience Laboratories in Bozeman, Montana and the University of Arizona, Tucson.
Bulk-soap-refillable dispensers, in which new soap is poured into a dispenser, are the predominant soap dispenser type in community settings, such as public restrooms. In contrast to sealed-soap dispensers, which are refilled by inserting a new bag or cartridge of soap, they are prone to bacterial contamination and several outbreaks linked to the use of contaminated soap have already been reported in healthcare settings.
In this study Zapka and her colleagues investigated the health risk associated with the use of bulk-soap-refillable dispensers in a community setting. They found an elementary school where all 14 of the soap dispensers were already contaminated and asked students and staff to wash their hands, measuring bacteria levels before and after handwashing. They found that Gram-negative bacteria on the hands of students and staff increased 26-fold after washing with the contaminated soap.
"This is the first study to quantitatively demonstrate that washing hands with contaminated liquid soap actually increases the number of Gram-negative bacteria on hands. Furthermore, the results directly demonstrate that bacteria from contaminated hands can be transferred to secondary surfaces," says Zapka.
Zapka notes that all the participants' hands were decontaminated after testing by washing with uncontaminated soap followed by hand sanitizer. At the conclusion of the study, all the contaminated soap dispensers were replaced with dispensers using sealed-soap refills. After one year of use, not one of them was found to be contaminated.
**Source: American Society for Microbiology
Bulk-soap-refillable dispensers, in which new soap is poured into a dispenser, are the predominant soap dispenser type in community settings, such as public restrooms. In contrast to sealed-soap dispensers, which are refilled by inserting a new bag or cartridge of soap, they are prone to bacterial contamination and several outbreaks linked to the use of contaminated soap have already been reported in healthcare settings.
In this study Zapka and her colleagues investigated the health risk associated with the use of bulk-soap-refillable dispensers in a community setting. They found an elementary school where all 14 of the soap dispensers were already contaminated and asked students and staff to wash their hands, measuring bacteria levels before and after handwashing. They found that Gram-negative bacteria on the hands of students and staff increased 26-fold after washing with the contaminated soap.
"This is the first study to quantitatively demonstrate that washing hands with contaminated liquid soap actually increases the number of Gram-negative bacteria on hands. Furthermore, the results directly demonstrate that bacteria from contaminated hands can be transferred to secondary surfaces," says Zapka.
Zapka notes that all the participants' hands were decontaminated after testing by washing with uncontaminated soap followed by hand sanitizer. At the conclusion of the study, all the contaminated soap dispensers were replaced with dispensers using sealed-soap refills. After one year of use, not one of them was found to be contaminated.
**Source: American Society for Microbiology
Un grupo de expertos alerta del envejecimiento prematuro del sistema inmunitario
La vida actual, repleta de comodidades de las que los ciudadanos apenas si pueden disfrutar, representa para muchos tal estado de estrés que se ven amenazadas directamente su salud y, por tanto, sus expectativas de vida.
La ansiedad, la angustia, la depresión, la falta de tiempo para el ocio y la vida personal son algunos de los principales males de las sociedades avanzadas que están deteriorando el sistema inmunitario de las personas, las defensas del organismo. La consecuencia puede ser grave: la reducción de la esperanza de vida. Este es uno de los asuntos tratados en el II Encuentro Científico de Investigación en Inmunología, celebrado en la Real Academia de Medicina de Madrid, con motivo de la conmemoración ayer del día mundial de la Inmunología.
El estado de las células inmunitarias “es un marcador de nuestra salud y de nuestra longevidad”, afirma la doctora Mónica de la Fuente, catedrática de Fisiología de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, quien insiste en que las personas que mantienen su sistema inmunitario en buenas condiciones viven más, según han comprobado con sus experimentos en ratones y en humanos.
El objetivo de estas investigaciones era conocer el comportamiento de diferentes parámetros de las células inmunitarias con la edad: “En ratones (que viven dos años de media) estudiamos cómo cambiaban esos parámetros a lo largo de su vida, y en personas se hicieron estudios transversales en diferentes décadas de los veinte a los ochenta. Los resultados demostraron que en ambos casos había una misma evolución de las funciones analizadas en los leucocitos (células del sistema inmunitario), y que individuos (ratones) que tenían esos parámetros prematuramente envejecidos morían antes, así como que los animales que llegaban a longevos y las personas centenarias mantenían esos parámetros con valores de adultos”, señala la doctora De la Fuente.
La investigadora señala que el estado funcional del sistema inmunitario es el mejor indicador de la salud y “el que marca nuestra edad biológica, que es la que determina la velocidad a la que estamos envejeciendo y, por tanto, nuestra longevidad”. Así, según las investigaciones realizadas, la edad biológica indica los potenciales años de vida, más allá de la edad cronológica. “La edad biológica está condicionada en un 75% por la calidad de vida y el resto, el 25%, por la genética”, explica la catedrática de Fisiología. De ahí la importancia, insisten los expertos, de reforzar el sistema inmunitario con hábitos de vida saludables, que incluyen una alimentación equilibrada, la práctica de actividad física de forma moderada y evitar hábitos tóxicos como el tabaco y el exceso de alcohol.
El doctor Eduardo López Granados, coordinador del servicio de inmunología del hospital La Paz-IdiPaz, insiste en la necesidad de apostar por la figura del especialista en inmunología clínica y por los proyectos de investigación en enfermedades de esta disciplina, “donde el inmunólogo puede asesorar y mejorar el diseño de ensayos clínicos y estudios transversales junto con otros especialistas”. En este sentido, el doctor José Ramón Regueiro, catedrático de Inmunología en la Universidad Complutense, reitera la necesidad de potenciar la investigación sobre el sistema inmunitario, clave para combatir las enfermedades autoinmunes y avanzar en tratamientos de cáncer y trasplantes de órganos.
**Publicado en "LA VANGUARDIA"
La ansiedad, la angustia, la depresión, la falta de tiempo para el ocio y la vida personal son algunos de los principales males de las sociedades avanzadas que están deteriorando el sistema inmunitario de las personas, las defensas del organismo. La consecuencia puede ser grave: la reducción de la esperanza de vida. Este es uno de los asuntos tratados en el II Encuentro Científico de Investigación en Inmunología, celebrado en la Real Academia de Medicina de Madrid, con motivo de la conmemoración ayer del día mundial de la Inmunología.
El estado de las células inmunitarias “es un marcador de nuestra salud y de nuestra longevidad”, afirma la doctora Mónica de la Fuente, catedrática de Fisiología de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, quien insiste en que las personas que mantienen su sistema inmunitario en buenas condiciones viven más, según han comprobado con sus experimentos en ratones y en humanos.
El objetivo de estas investigaciones era conocer el comportamiento de diferentes parámetros de las células inmunitarias con la edad: “En ratones (que viven dos años de media) estudiamos cómo cambiaban esos parámetros a lo largo de su vida, y en personas se hicieron estudios transversales en diferentes décadas de los veinte a los ochenta. Los resultados demostraron que en ambos casos había una misma evolución de las funciones analizadas en los leucocitos (células del sistema inmunitario), y que individuos (ratones) que tenían esos parámetros prematuramente envejecidos morían antes, así como que los animales que llegaban a longevos y las personas centenarias mantenían esos parámetros con valores de adultos”, señala la doctora De la Fuente.
La investigadora señala que el estado funcional del sistema inmunitario es el mejor indicador de la salud y “el que marca nuestra edad biológica, que es la que determina la velocidad a la que estamos envejeciendo y, por tanto, nuestra longevidad”. Así, según las investigaciones realizadas, la edad biológica indica los potenciales años de vida, más allá de la edad cronológica. “La edad biológica está condicionada en un 75% por la calidad de vida y el resto, el 25%, por la genética”, explica la catedrática de Fisiología. De ahí la importancia, insisten los expertos, de reforzar el sistema inmunitario con hábitos de vida saludables, que incluyen una alimentación equilibrada, la práctica de actividad física de forma moderada y evitar hábitos tóxicos como el tabaco y el exceso de alcohol.
El doctor Eduardo López Granados, coordinador del servicio de inmunología del hospital La Paz-IdiPaz, insiste en la necesidad de apostar por la figura del especialista en inmunología clínica y por los proyectos de investigación en enfermedades de esta disciplina, “donde el inmunólogo puede asesorar y mejorar el diseño de ensayos clínicos y estudios transversales junto con otros especialistas”. En este sentido, el doctor José Ramón Regueiro, catedrático de Inmunología en la Universidad Complutense, reitera la necesidad de potenciar la investigación sobre el sistema inmunitario, clave para combatir las enfermedades autoinmunes y avanzar en tratamientos de cáncer y trasplantes de órganos.
**Publicado en "LA VANGUARDIA"
Packing on the pounds in middle age linked to dementia
According to a new study, being overweight or obese during middle age may increase the risk of certain dementias. The research is published in the May 3, 2011, print issue of Neurology®, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology. "Currently, 1.6 billion adults are overweight or obese worldwide and over 50 percent of adults in the United States and Europe fit into this category," said study author Weili Xu, MD, PhD, with the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden. "Our results contribute to the growing evidence that controlling body weight or losing weight in middle age could reduce your risk of dementia."
Researchers studied information from the Swedish Twin Registry on 8,534 twins age 65 or older. Of those, 350 were diagnosed with dementia and 114 had possible dementia. Information on participant's height and weight had been taken 30 years earlier.
Participants were grouped according to their body mass index (BMI), a measure of total body fat: underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese. Being overweight was defined as having a body mass index between 25 and 30 and obesity was defined as a body mass index of higher than 30. In the study, 2,541 twins, or nearly 30 percent, were either overweight or obese during middle age.
The study found that people who were overweight or obese at midlife had an 80 percent higher risk of developing dementia, Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia in late life compared to people with normal BMI. The results remained the same after considering other factors, such as education, diabetes and vascular disease. A total of 26 percent of those with no dementia had been overweight in midlife, compared to 36 percent of those with questionable dementia and 39 percent of those with diagnosed dementia. Three percent of those with no dementia had been obese in midlife, compared to five percent of those with questionable dementia and seven percent of those with diagnosed dementia.
The researchers also analyzed the data in twin pairs where one twin had dementia and one twin did not and found that there was no longer a significant relationship between overweight and obesity and dementia in midlife. "This suggests that early life environmental factors and genetic factors may contribute to the link between midlife overweight and dementia," Xu said.
**Source: American Academy of Neurology
Researchers studied information from the Swedish Twin Registry on 8,534 twins age 65 or older. Of those, 350 were diagnosed with dementia and 114 had possible dementia. Information on participant's height and weight had been taken 30 years earlier.
Participants were grouped according to their body mass index (BMI), a measure of total body fat: underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese. Being overweight was defined as having a body mass index between 25 and 30 and obesity was defined as a body mass index of higher than 30. In the study, 2,541 twins, or nearly 30 percent, were either overweight or obese during middle age.
The study found that people who were overweight or obese at midlife had an 80 percent higher risk of developing dementia, Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia in late life compared to people with normal BMI. The results remained the same after considering other factors, such as education, diabetes and vascular disease. A total of 26 percent of those with no dementia had been overweight in midlife, compared to 36 percent of those with questionable dementia and 39 percent of those with diagnosed dementia. Three percent of those with no dementia had been obese in midlife, compared to five percent of those with questionable dementia and seven percent of those with diagnosed dementia.
The researchers also analyzed the data in twin pairs where one twin had dementia and one twin did not and found that there was no longer a significant relationship between overweight and obesity and dementia in midlife. "This suggests that early life environmental factors and genetic factors may contribute to the link between midlife overweight and dementia," Xu said.
**Source: American Academy of Neurology
In-hospital deaths declined over time at children's hospital without pediatric medical emergency team
A study documents reduction in hospital mortality over ten years in a children's hospital without a Pediatric Emergency Medical Team (PMET), according to a report in the May issue of Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, one of the JAMA/Archives journals. Hospital-based PMETs have been advocated as an approach to reduce rates of in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest and mortality (death) among children. Several previous studies that have evaluated outcomes before and after implementation of PMETs have found inconsistent results, with some showing benefit and some showing no effect. However, according to Ari R. Joffe, M.D., from the University of Alberta and Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Canada, and colleagues: "We hypothesized that favorable results in PMET studies may be due to limitations of study design, including the use of historical controls, inadequate risk and temporal trend adjustment, and inadequate accounting for cointerventions that confound the comparisons."
Joffe and colleagues evaluated data from their hospital, which does not have a PMET. They reviewed pediatric discharges and inpatient deaths, the number of code calls, and the number of cardiopulmonary arrests that occurred on the pediatric wards and resulted in admission to the pediatric intensive care unit. Then they compared these data (from 1999 through 2009) during the same time periods used in several published studies of PMET effectiveness.
The authors found that hospital mortality rates decreased over time in their facility. When they compared their results from the same time periods of two PMET studies showing reduction in mortality, the authors also found a decrease in mortality at their hospital, whereas during the time periods of the PMET studies that showed no change in or did not examine hospital mortality, there was no significant change in mortality at their hospital. The authors also report that over the 10-year study period, there were no changes in ward code rates or cardiopulmonary arrest rates at their hospital.
The researchers suggest that other interventions not measured by the PMET studies may have confounded the results of those studies, and that hospitals such as theirs may already have systems and procedures that replicate the role of a PMET. "We claim that this finding demonstrates the limitation of before-and-after study designs (cohort studies with historical controls) in determining the effect of PMET implementation," they conclude, adding that larger and better-designed studies evaluating PMET are needed.
**Source: JAMA and Archives Journals
Joffe and colleagues evaluated data from their hospital, which does not have a PMET. They reviewed pediatric discharges and inpatient deaths, the number of code calls, and the number of cardiopulmonary arrests that occurred on the pediatric wards and resulted in admission to the pediatric intensive care unit. Then they compared these data (from 1999 through 2009) during the same time periods used in several published studies of PMET effectiveness.
The authors found that hospital mortality rates decreased over time in their facility. When they compared their results from the same time periods of two PMET studies showing reduction in mortality, the authors also found a decrease in mortality at their hospital, whereas during the time periods of the PMET studies that showed no change in or did not examine hospital mortality, there was no significant change in mortality at their hospital. The authors also report that over the 10-year study period, there were no changes in ward code rates or cardiopulmonary arrest rates at their hospital.
The researchers suggest that other interventions not measured by the PMET studies may have confounded the results of those studies, and that hospitals such as theirs may already have systems and procedures that replicate the role of a PMET. "We claim that this finding demonstrates the limitation of before-and-after study designs (cohort studies with historical controls) in determining the effect of PMET implementation," they conclude, adding that larger and better-designed studies evaluating PMET are needed.
**Source: JAMA and Archives Journals
Los Médicos de familia contra la especialidad de Urgencias
La creación de nuevas especialidades en la formación de los médicos no ha sido recibida con el mismo apoyo por todo el sector. El pasado 13 de abril la ministra de Sanidad, Leire Pajín, anunció que se ultimaba la incorporación de cuatro nuevas especialidades: Infecciosas, Urgencias, Psiquiatría Infanto-juvenil y Genética.
Casi no ha habido voces discrepantes (por lo menos en público), salvo en un caso: la postura de los médicos de familia agrupados en la Sociedad Española de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria (Semfyc) respecto a la especialidad de Urgencias. Sobre todo, de los más jóvenes. Estos creen que la decisión les perjudicaría doblemente. "Con la creación de esta especialidad no se resolvería uno de los problemas fundamentales que es facilitar la homologación de los médicos sin especialidad, sino que por el contrario la complicaría y reabriría el problema de los mestos, de manera que habrá especialistas, profesionales a los que les homologuen el título y médicos de familia a los que el periodo de tiempo trabajado en Urgencias no les permita acogerse a ninguna de las dos opciones", asegura Manuel Sarmiento, responsable de la sección Jóvenes de la organización.
Por ello, lo que proponen es que dentro de la reordenación que se prepara de la formación, con la inclusión de troncalidades (currículos comunes previos a la especialización) se cree un área de capacitación de Urgencias.
Lógicamente, la Sociedad Española de Urgencias y Emergencias (Semes) opina justo lo contrario. "Solo con la creación de la especialidad en Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias se podrá garantizar la asistencia de calidad que demandan los ciudadanos", afirman.
**Publicado en "EL PAIS"
Casi no ha habido voces discrepantes (por lo menos en público), salvo en un caso: la postura de los médicos de familia agrupados en la Sociedad Española de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria (Semfyc) respecto a la especialidad de Urgencias. Sobre todo, de los más jóvenes. Estos creen que la decisión les perjudicaría doblemente. "Con la creación de esta especialidad no se resolvería uno de los problemas fundamentales que es facilitar la homologación de los médicos sin especialidad, sino que por el contrario la complicaría y reabriría el problema de los mestos, de manera que habrá especialistas, profesionales a los que les homologuen el título y médicos de familia a los que el periodo de tiempo trabajado en Urgencias no les permita acogerse a ninguna de las dos opciones", asegura Manuel Sarmiento, responsable de la sección Jóvenes de la organización.
Por ello, lo que proponen es que dentro de la reordenación que se prepara de la formación, con la inclusión de troncalidades (currículos comunes previos a la especialización) se cree un área de capacitación de Urgencias.
Lógicamente, la Sociedad Española de Urgencias y Emergencias (Semes) opina justo lo contrario. "Solo con la creación de la especialidad en Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias se podrá garantizar la asistencia de calidad que demandan los ciudadanos", afirman.
**Publicado en "EL PAIS"
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