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02 January 2012
Outside temps, sun and gender may trigger glaucoma
“Although many studies from around the world have reported on the burden of the disease, some aspects of the basic descriptive epidemiologic features, which may help shed light on the cause, are inconsistent,” said Louis Pasquale, M.D., study co-author and director of Massachusetts Eye and Ear’s Glaucoma Center of Excellence. “In this study we found that women are more vulnerable to this disease then men, that ES is not a disease of Norwegian descent, and that where you live does matter when it comes to developing the disease.”
Researchers from the Mass. Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., Department of Medicine, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass., Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., set out to find out how demographic and geographic risk factors are associated with exfoliation syndrome (ES). Their study, the “Demographic and Geographic Features of Exfoliation Glaucoma in two United States-Based Prospective Cohorts” are published in the January 2012 issue of Ophthalmology.
Researchers used data from 78,955 women in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and 41,191 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) residing throughout the continental United States who were prospectively followed for 20 years or more and who provided lifetime residence information to examine the descriptive epidemiologic features of ES or exfoliation glaucoma suspect (EGS).
This study confirmed established associations with age and family history and exfoliation glaucoma or exfoliation glaucoma suspect (EG/EGS), as well as provided new data on associations with gender, eye color and ancestry.
“Importantly, those with a lifetime residential history of living in the middle tier and south tier of the United States was associated with 47% and 75% reduced risks, respectively, compared with living in the northern tier, and across the life span, residence at age 15 was the most strongly associated with risk, followed by current residence,” the authors wrote.
The study showed an increased risk in females, but it was unclear as if gender-specific differences in the eye, such as axial length differences or environmental factors related to lifestyle, account for why women are more at risk for this disease.
Other findings include:
A positive family history of glaucoma was associated with a more than doubling of risk.
Neither Scandinavian decent nor Southern European ancestry was associated with risk when compared with the larger reference group of mainly other white persons in the study, which indicates that there may be strong environmental factors that may increase risk among populations in Scandinavian countries. Overall the study lacked adequate power to determine whether incidence rates differed by minority groups.
Iris (eye) color did not seem to be a risk factor.
“This large prospective cohort study demonstrates that there is a positive association between latitude and ES risk that is robust and not related to demographic features or other systemic covariates,” Dr. Pasquale explained. “Another manuscript we published recently suggests that lower ambient temperature interacts with increased solar exposure to increase the risk of ES. This new work demonstrates a relation between increasing latitude and a condition with a strong predisposition to glaucoma. More work is needed to determine how environmental factors conspire to contribute to ES.”
According to the National Eye Institute, ES is the major known cause of open-angle glaucoma, and is one of the leading causes of blindness. With the rapid aging of the U.S. population, the number of individuals affected by the disease will increase to more than three million by 2020.
**Published in "SCIENCE BLOG"
El presidente del CSIC advierte en EL PAIS sobre una posible fuga masiva de cerebros en España
"Estas medidas de recorte presupuestario tienen un efecto gravísimo en los recursos humanos, incluida la formación de los científicos, porque si los investigadores no tienen oportunidades aquí acaban por irse al extranjero y se puede producir una auténtica avalancha de fuga de cerebros", advierte Rafael Rodrigo, presidente del CSIC hoy en el diario español EL PAIS.
De la misma opinión es Jesús Ávila, profesor de investigación del CSIC en el Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa: "Esto puede suponer un problema para la carrera científica de los jóvenes, si no hay contratos... pero también por el impacto negativo en el sistema científico en general, que es donde se forman los jóvenes investigadores". En su opinión, una nueva oleada de recortes supondría un panorama muy negro: "Entraríamos en recesión de la investigación científica en España". En el Ciemat trabajan unas 1.400 personas; más de la mitad son titulados superiores. Si el sistema de I+D español no da cabida a la nueva generación de investigadores, hay que contar con que la gente busque acomodo para su carrera en otros países. "Y se van los mejores, que son los que fácilmente logran contratos fuera, y nos quedamos con los mediocres", apunta Cayetano López, director del Ciemat. Entre las medidas anunciadas el viernes pasado por el Gobierno está la congelación de la tasa de reposición de plantillas (con algunas excepciones que no atañen a la I+D), de manera que no se cubrirán las plazas vacantes de investigadores que se produzcan el año que viene. En cuanto a buscar trabajo en el sector privado, el gasto en I+D en las empresas está reduciéndose desde hace dos o tres años
**Publicado en "EL PAIS"
Poor sleep linked to increased health and behavior problems in young diabetics
“Despite adhering to recommendations for good diabetic health, many youth with Type 1 diabetes have difficulty maintaining control of their blood sugars,” said Michelle Perfect, PhD, the principal investigator in the study. “We found that it could be due to abnormalities in sleep, such as daytime sleepiness, lighter sleep and sleep apnea. All of these make it more difficult to have good blood sugar control.”
The study, appearing in the January issue of the journal Sleep, tracked the sleep health of 50 Type 1 diabetics, ages 10 to 16. Perfect and her colleagues compared that data with a similar control group. They found that the young diabetics spent more time in a lighter stage of sleep than youth without diabetes, which was related to compromised school performance and higher blood sugar levels.
“Sleep problems were associated with lower grades, poorer performance on state standardized tests, poor quality of life and abnormalities in daytime behavior,” Perfect said. “On the upside, sleep is a potentially modifiable health behavior, so these kids could be helped by a qualified professional to get a better night’s sleep.”
Perfect and colleagues also found that nearly one-third of the youths in their study had sleep apnea, regardless of weight. Sleep apnea is associated with Type 2 diabetes, often referred to as adult-onset diabetes. These young participants with sleep apnea showed significantly higher blood sugar levels – the same pattern linked to adults.
“Sleep apnea and its impact may not be confined to older people with diabetes, we don’t know,” she said. “It’s something that needs to be looked at again.”
**Published in "SCIENCE BLOG"
España: El tijeretazo del Gobierno en investigación alarma a los científicos
En este contexto, España sigue estando muy lejos del objetivo del Plan Nacional de I+D+i de alcanzar una inversión en ciencia y tecnología del 2% (la media de la UE) de su PIB en 2011, quedándose en torno al 1,37%. Ahora se ha anunciado un fuerte recorte más. El panorama no es nada fácil para la nueva secretaria de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Carmen Vela, recién nombrada por el Consejo de Ministros, aunque ha supuesto un respiro el anuncio oficial, en el último día del año pasado, de la convocatoria anual de financiación para los proyectos del Plan Nacional.
"La medida de recorte de los 600 millones provoca extrema preocupación", señala Rafael Rodrigo, presidente del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). "Para este organismo, cualquier recorte significará el cierre de algunos centros y actividades", explica.
"Estamos ya al borde del funcionamiento y cualquier rebaja más.... Mejor sería cerrar porque mantener esto abierto sin actividad no tiene sentido", apunta Cayetano López, director general del Ciemat, otro gran organismo público de investigación (OPI), dedicado a sectores estratégicos que se reflejan en su propio nombre: Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas.
Los 600 millones del nuevo recorte serán en subvenciones y en préstamos, pero el Gobierno no ha especificado más. Conviene conocer algunas cifras: el presupuesto de 2011 para todas las actividades de I+D+i (Ciencia, Desarrollo e Innovación) englobadas en los diferentes departamentos, lo que se denomina Función 46, fue de unos 8.600 millones de euros, desglosados en 5.200 de créditos y 3.400 de subvenciones y transferencias, incluyendo sueldos y gastos corrientes de funcionamiento de todos los organismos estatales de investigación. Y esos 8.600 millones suponen un recorte del 8% respecto a 2010, año en que la reducción fue del 15% respecto a 2009.
El CSIC contó en 2011 unos 800 millones, de los cuales unos 420 procedían del presupuesto estatal y 380 los obtuvo mediante contratos con empresas, programas de la UE y subvenciones a los investigadores en sus proyectos competitivos, explica Rodrigo. Pues bien, si en 2011 el CSIC recibió 420 millones del presupuesto estatal, en 2008 habían sido 600 millones, y en 2010, 480 millones. El recorte es muy significativo. "Pedimos para 2012 al menos un incremento del 4% o el 5%", añade Rodrigo. Explica, además, que la caída de la financiación limita la captación de fondos en contratos y proyectos, ya que se reduce el personal para desarrollarlos.
El panorama del Ciemat es tan difícil o más que el del CSIC. "En 2010 recibimos del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación 66 millones de euros, un 30% menos que los 96 millones de 2009", explica Cayetano López. A esta cantidad hay que añadir en torno a 30 millones logrados en contratos y proyectos. "Pero cada vez es más difícil captar esos fondos competitivos", puntualiza el director del Ciemat. "Los programas de la UE, por ejemplo, son de cofinanciación y no puedes acceder a ellos si no tienes capacidad de poner una parte, por lo que son los países que tienen mas dinero en I+D quienes se los llevan". Tras el recorte tremendo de 2010, el presupuesto del Ciemat se congeló en 2011, "pero se debería hacer un cálculo de los recortes acumulados en I+D en los últimos años, que son superiores a la media de la Administración pública en general", puntualiza López.
-España se alejará todavía más de la vanguardia tecnológica europea
Los Organismos Públicos de Investigación (OPI) se han llevado en los últimos años el peso mayor en las reducciones en I+D, pero las escaseces tienen más alcance. Por ejemplo, se han producido retrasos en el pago de las contribuciones españolas a organismos internacionales, como el Laboratorio Europeo de Física de Partículas (CERN) o la Agencia Europea del Espacio (ESA). Estas instituciones, cuando un país miembro no aporta a tiempo su contribución abre una línea de crédito por el importe debido y los intereses recaen en el moroso.
En menor medida que los OPI, pero sin salvarse del problema, están los proyectos del Plan Nacional. En 2010, el dinero asignado por Ciencia e Innovación como subvenciones para dichos proyectos se quedó en 300 millones, frente a los 350 de 2009. En 2011 la cantidad fue de 325 millones y con la misma cifra como máximo autorizado ha salido ahora la convocatoria para 2012 (ya firmada por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad).
"Los recortes sitúan ahora la financiación de la I+D en los niveles de 2005 aproximadamente, y los 600 millones menos suponen un flaco favor para la nueva secretaria de Estado, Carmen Vela", considera Carlos Andradas, presidente de la Confederación de Sociedades Científicas de España (Cosce). "Habíamos insistido, desde la Cosce, en varios puntos: que se mantuviera un Ministerio de Ciencia o, al menos, que figurara el nombre en el título de algún departamento ministerial; que no se desagregase el sistema por la enorme ineficacia que generaría; que no se redujera el presupuesto. Vamos en cadena hacia atrás y confirmándose los malos presagios", concluye Andradas.
No se sabe aún cómo se distribuirá esa reducción de 600 millones, ya que el plan de choque del Gobierno solo indica que será en subvenciones y en créditos. Esta segunda parte, la de los préstamos reembolsables (dirigidos sobre todo a las empresas, dada la situación en las Administraciones Públicas y las Universidades) se ha sobredimensionado en los presupuestos de los últimos años de manera que los recortes quedaran aparentemente atenuados en las cifras globales de I+D público.
Luego, a la hora de la verdad, el ministerio que dirigía Cristina Garmendia se ha quedado corto en la ejecución (la utilización) de ese montante previsto para créditos, por lo que si se reduce ahora la cantidad inicial de dinero disponible para préstamos el efecto no sería muy dramático. Además, en los últimos dos años ha caído notablemente el esfuerzo en I+D del sector empresarial español. Pero si mengua el capítulo de subvenciones el sistema de I+D sufrirá daños de difícil reparación a corto y medio plazo, señalan los expertos.
"El sistema de ciencia en España es aun muy frágil y el apoyo económico debe, al menos, mantenerse. Este recorte de 600 millones es justo lo contrario de lo que debería hacerse", afirma Nazario Martín, presidente de la Real Sociedad Española de Química. "El sistema en España va ya muy justo y una reducción de financiación de esta dimensión tendrá un enorme impacto".
El Pan Nacional de I+D+i 2008-2011, prorrogado un año más por el anterior Gobierno, fijaba como objetivo a lograr al término del mismo el 2% del PIB en inversión en ciencia y tecnología, es decir, la media de la UE. En los primeros Gobiernos de Rodríguez Zapatero, y hasta 2008, el incremento del gasto en estas actividades fue muy notable, pero los recortes posteriores han contrarrestado prácticamente dicho crecimiento y España entra en 2012 con un 1,37% del PIB, mientras que la mayoría de los países desarrollados han mantenido o incrementado su esfuerzo en I+D en estos años de crisis. La distancia que sacan a España va a ser cada vez mayor, en lugar de menor, si continúa en declive el esfuerzo en ciencia y tecnología.
**Publicado en "EL PAIS"
Bird Flu Studies Stir Controversy

Credit: Cynthia Goldsmith/CDC
Two independent research teams have developed strains of avian influenza so potentially deadly that they’ve prompted an unprecedented response from the U.S. government. A federal advisory board has asked the journals Science and Nature not to publish details of the teams’ controversial research, so as to hide it from would-be bioterrorists.
In the not-yet-published work, scientists at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Erasmus Medical Center, in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, reportedly made mutant versions of the H5N1 avian flu virus that are highly contagious among ferrets, the lab animal that is most like humans in flu susceptibility. More than half of the people infected with real-world variants of H5N1 have died from it, but those viruses didn’t spread from person to person easily. The new lab-made viruses were created as part of efforts to develop drugs or vaccines to stop pandemics, the researchers say. But if the viruses fell into the wrong hands, they could touch off the very pandemics they were created to prevent.
After a lengthy review of both teams’ manuscripts, the U.S. National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity, which is overseen by the National Institutes of Health, asked the journals to redact mutation details that might allow the results to be replicated. The board also requested additions, including explanations of biosecurity practices and the research’s potential benefits to public health.
The Dutch virologists, led by Ron Fouchier, “have reservations about this recommendation but will observe it,” according to a statement from Erasmus Medical Center. At this point, however, secrecy “is almost impossible” because many flu scientists and officials have already seen the details, the statement points out.
Asked whether Wisconsin virologist Yoshihiro Kawaoka and coworkers would also redact portions of their work, university spokesman Terry Devitt said that hasn’t been determined yet. But “the recommendations, which are nonbinding, are being seriously considered” as the team prepares a revised manuscript, Devitt added.
Both Science and Nature have professed their willingness to work with the board, given certain conditions. Science’s response, Editor-in-Chief Bruce M. Alberts said in a statement, will be “heavily dependent” on the government putting forth a transparent plan that ensures legitimate scientists can access the censored information. Nature Editor-in-Chief Philip Campbell concurred, saying in a statement that access for researchers “is essential for public health.”
Plans for a system permitting such access are in the works, according to a statement from NIH. The statement provides no details, however, about how the system would run and who would be qualified to use it.
Both journals are discussing those points with the board. “It is a complicated matter,” says Ginger Pinholster, a spokeswoman for Science. “We have been grateful to talk in depth with officials about how the information transfer can be achieved.”
Flurry Of Cancer Pacts
Takeda announced that it will acquire Intellikine, a California-based small-molecule drug discovery firm that is developing two new compounds that target the cancer-connected PI3 kinase/mTOR pathway. The Japanese firm will pay $190 million up front and up to $120 million in milestone payments.
In a deal aimed at the same pathway, Merck and Exelixis signed a licensing agreement under which Merck will pay $12 million up front for worldwide rights to Exelixis’ PI3K-delta R&D program, including XL499, its most advanced preclinical PI3K-delta inhibitor. Exelixis is eligible for up to $239 million in milestone payments.
Lilly, meanwhile, will obtain exclusive licenses to ImmunoGen technology allowing Lilly to develop antibody-drug conjugates that link its own monoclonal antibodies with cytotoxic maytansinoids. Lilly will pay $20 million up front, with downstream payments of up to $200 million.
And AstraZeneca signed a pact with China’s Hutchison MediPharma, a subsidiary of Chi-Med, to develop volitinib, an inhibitor of the c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase. The U.K. drug company will pay $20 million up front and potential milestone payments totaling $120 million.
For AstraZeneca, the agreement with Hutchison follows an acknowledgment that its investigational compound olaparib will not progress to Phase II development for treatment of serous ovarian cancer. The setback will result in a pretax charge of $285 million.
**Source: Chemical & Engineering News
Hypertension treatment associated with long-term improvement in life expectancy
Patients with systolic hypertension who were treated with the diuretic chlorthalidone for 4.5 years as part of a clinical trial had a significantly lower rate of death and a gain in life expectancy free from cardiovascular death about 20 years later compared to patients who received placebo, according to a study in the December 21 issue of JAMA. "Antihypertensive drug therapy has been shown to decrease nonfatal and fatal cardiovascular events in controlled clinical trials and meta-analyses. However, long-term data on gain in life expectancy are not available," according to background information in the article.
John B. Kostis, M.D., of the UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, N.J., and colleagues conducted a study to examine the effect of blood pressure (BP) lowering on long-term outcomes such as life expectancy. The researchers obtained long-term mortality data for participants in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) trial, which was a randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial designed to assess the effect of antihypertensive drug treatment (chlorthalidone) in reducing the risk of stroke in patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Recruitment for SHEP was between March 1985 and January 1988. After the end of a 4.5-year randomized phase of the SHEP trial, all participants were advised to receive active therapy. The time interval between the beginning of recruitment and the ascertainment of death (December 2006) was approximately 22 years (21 years 10 months). Of the 4,736 participants enrolled in the SHEP trial, 2,365 (49.9 percent) were randomized to active treatment therapy and 2,371 (50.1 percent) were randomized to placebo. The average age of participants was 72 years, 57 percent were women, and 14 percent were black.
At the end of follow-up, 2,851 of the 4,736 randomized patients (60.2 percent) had died, with 1,416 deaths (59.9 percent) in the active treatment group and 1,435 deaths (60.5 percent) in the placebo group. The researchers found that both life expectancy and time to the 70th percentile survival at the end of follow-up were longer for the SHEP participants who were randomized to the active group compared with those randomized to the placebo group. Life expectancy gain at 22 years was 158 days for cardiovascular death and 105 days for death from all causes. The gain in life expectancy free from cardiovascular death corresponds with 1 day (0.89 days) gained per month of treatment. For all-cause mortality, the gain in life expectancy from 1 month of antihypertensive drug treatment was estimated at a half day (0.59 days).
The authors also found that the active treatment group was associated with higher survival free from cardiovascular death compared with the placebo group (669 deaths [28.3 percent] vs. 735 deaths [31 percent], respectively).
"Reporting that each month of antihypertensive therapy was associated with 1 day prolongation of life expectancy free from cardiovascular death is a strong message that may result in increased patient adherence to drug therapy and decrease the degree of therapeutic inertia by health care providers," the authors write.
**Source: JAMA and Archives Journals
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