El consejero delegado de Anglo American se unió hoy en Davos a los líderes empresariales mundiales para lanzar la Business Leadership Council Generation Born HIV Free. La iniciativa liderada por el sector privado pretende poner fin a la transmisión del VIH que pasa de las madres a los hijos para finales del año 2015, pero insta a la colaboración y apoyo del sector privado, gobierno y sociedad civil.
Cynthia Carroll afirmó: "Estoy encantada de que Anglo American participe en la iniciativa Business Leadership Council, lanzada hoy en Davos. Con aproximadamente un 95% de nuestras operaciones realizadas en los países en vías de desarrollo, Anglo American cuenta con una profunda apreciación de que desempeña el papel vital de la salud para asegurar el desarrollo humano y promocionar el crecimiento económico. Contamos con muchos años de experiencia para buscar superar la carga del VIH/SIDA, sobre todo en Sudáfrica, y confiamos en ser capaces de añadir una contribución destacada a este esfuerzo coordinado".
"En realidad supone un auténtico exceso contra con 1,4 millones de embarazos positivos de VIH al año, y aún vemos 390.000 nuevas infecciones de niños. Eso supone un 28% - no mucho mejor que si no hiciéramos nada de nada. No podemos tolerar un resultado tan pobre en los negocios, y no hay una razón por la que las madres tuvieran que tolerar esta carga de enfermedad en los recién nacidos. Estoy ilusionada de poder ver que todo el mundo ha unido su determinación para conseguir el objetivo de una generación libre de VIH", explicó Carroll.
El Business Leadership Council es parte de la mayor United Nations Millennium Development Goals Health Alliance, y se ha diseñado para reforzar el peso colectivo del sector privado de cara a luchar contra los retos de salud mundiales. La participación de Anglo American se basa en el liderazgo mundial de la prevención del VIH/SIDA, pruebas, tratamiento, cuidado y apoyo y mejora de los sistemas de cuidado de la salud de forma más general en países en los que más se necesita.
Anglo American cree firmemente que es necesaria una respuesta colectiva e innovadora de los negocios, gobiernos y sociedad civil para conseguir un impacto destacado en la mejora de la salud dentro de los países en desarrollo. En junio de 2011, Anglo American prometió 3 millones de dólares al Gobierno de reino Unido para llevar a cabo la iniciativa de la Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisations (GAVI) - una asociación pública/privada que redujo de forma considerable el acceso a la inmunización en los países más pobres del mundo. En la G20 Business Summit celebrada en Seúl de noviembre de 2010, Anglo American anunció la promesa de 3 millones de dólares en tres años para el Fondo Mundial para la lucha contra el SIDA, tuberculosis y malaria (el Global Fund).
"A pesar de los remarcables logros de las innovadoras asociaciones de salud, hay mucho trabajo por hacer, y las carencias de fondos de continúan, sobre todo dentro de este entorno económico con retos tan complejos. Instamos al sector privado, en concreto, a reconocer la importancia de la investigación en salud en los países en vías de desarrollo; existen beneficios empresariales destacados a largo plazo en términos de crecimiento y desarrollo económico. Para Anglo American, la mejora del acceso a la salud es una parte importante para conseguir un programa de desarrollo sostenido, que tiene como objetivo conseguir una diferencia real y duradera en las comunidades donde realizan operaciones nuestras minas", añadió Carroll.
30 January 2012
Testicular zap 'may stop sperm'
A dose of ultrasound to the testicles can stop the production of sperm, according to researchers investigating a new form of contraception.
A study on rats published in Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology showed that sound waves could be used to reduce sperm counts to levels that would cause infertility in humans.
Researchers described ultrasound as a "promising candidate" in contraception.
However, far more tests are required before it could be used.
The concept was first proposed in the 1970s, but is now being pursued by researchers at the University of North Carolina who won a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
They found that two, 15-minute doses "significantly reduced" the number of sperm-producing cells and sperm levels.
It was most effective when delivered two days apart and through warm salt water.
In humans, the researchers said men were considered to be "sub-fertile" when sperm counts dropped below 15 million sperm per millilitre.
The sperm count in rats dropped to below 10 million sperm per millilitre.
Lead researcher Dr James Tsuruta said: "Further studies are required to determine how long the contraceptive effect lasts and if it is safe to use multiple times."
The team needs to ensure that the ultrasound produces a reversible effect, contraception not sterilisation. As well as investigate whether there would be cumulative damage from repeated doses.
Dr Allan Pacey, senior lecturer in andrology at the University of Sheffield, said: "It's a nice idea, but a lot more work is needed."
He said that it was likely that there would be recovery of sperm production, but the "sperm might be damaged and any baby might be damaged" when sperm production resumed.
"The last thing we want is a lingering damage to sperm," he said.
A study on rats published in Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology showed that sound waves could be used to reduce sperm counts to levels that would cause infertility in humans.
Researchers described ultrasound as a "promising candidate" in contraception.
However, far more tests are required before it could be used.
The concept was first proposed in the 1970s, but is now being pursued by researchers at the University of North Carolina who won a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
They found that two, 15-minute doses "significantly reduced" the number of sperm-producing cells and sperm levels.
It was most effective when delivered two days apart and through warm salt water.
In humans, the researchers said men were considered to be "sub-fertile" when sperm counts dropped below 15 million sperm per millilitre.
The sperm count in rats dropped to below 10 million sperm per millilitre.
Lead researcher Dr James Tsuruta said: "Further studies are required to determine how long the contraceptive effect lasts and if it is safe to use multiple times."
The team needs to ensure that the ultrasound produces a reversible effect, contraception not sterilisation. As well as investigate whether there would be cumulative damage from repeated doses.
Dr Allan Pacey, senior lecturer in andrology at the University of Sheffield, said: "It's a nice idea, but a lot more work is needed."
He said that it was likely that there would be recovery of sperm production, but the "sperm might be damaged and any baby might be damaged" when sperm production resumed.
"The last thing we want is a lingering damage to sperm," he said.
**Source: "BBC NEWS HEALTH"
OHSU discovery may lead to new treatment for Rett Syndrome
Researchers at Oregon Health & Science University have discovered that a molecule critical to the development and plasticity of nerve cells - brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) - is severely lacking in brainstem neurons in mutations leading to Rett syndrome, a neurological developmental disorder. The finding has implications for the treatment of neurological disorders, including Rett syndrome that affects one in 10,000 baby girls. The new discovery is published online in Neuroscience and is expected in the print issue of Neuroscience in March.
Using a mouse model of Rett syndrome, the OHSU team found that mutant neurons in the brainstem fail miserably at making BDNF. When normal neurons are faced with a respiratory challenge, such as low oxygen, they dramatically increase the production of BDNF, whereas mutant neurons do not.
According to the National Institutes of Health, Rett syndrome is estimated to affect one in every 10,000 to 15,000 live births and almost exclusively girls because it is caused by an X-linked gene mutation. In addition to severe problems with motor function, other symptoms of Rett syndrome may include breathing difficulties while awake.
"The new finding, coupled with our previously published data that show BDNF is involved in normal maturation of neuronal pathways controlling cardiorespiratory function, could play a significant role in the development of a treatment for Rett syndrome," said Agnieszka Balkowiec, M.D., Ph.D., principal investigator and associate professor of integrative biosciences in the OHSU School of Dentistry; and adjunct assistant professor of physiology and pharmacology in the OHSU School of Medicine. To conduct this research, Balkowiec partnered with John M. Bissonnette, M.D., professor of obstetrics and gynecology, and cell and developmental biology in the OHSU School of Medicine.
Additional study authors include: Anke Vermehren-Schmaedick, Ph.D., OHSU Department of Biomedical Engineering; Victoria K. Jenkins, B.A., who is currently pursuing her doctorate at Boston University; and Sharon J. Knopp, a research assistant in Bissonnette's lab.
The study was supported by grants from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health; March of Dimes; and International Rett Syndrome Foundation.
*Source: Oregon Health & Science University
Using a mouse model of Rett syndrome, the OHSU team found that mutant neurons in the brainstem fail miserably at making BDNF. When normal neurons are faced with a respiratory challenge, such as low oxygen, they dramatically increase the production of BDNF, whereas mutant neurons do not.
According to the National Institutes of Health, Rett syndrome is estimated to affect one in every 10,000 to 15,000 live births and almost exclusively girls because it is caused by an X-linked gene mutation. In addition to severe problems with motor function, other symptoms of Rett syndrome may include breathing difficulties while awake.
"The new finding, coupled with our previously published data that show BDNF is involved in normal maturation of neuronal pathways controlling cardiorespiratory function, could play a significant role in the development of a treatment for Rett syndrome," said Agnieszka Balkowiec, M.D., Ph.D., principal investigator and associate professor of integrative biosciences in the OHSU School of Dentistry; and adjunct assistant professor of physiology and pharmacology in the OHSU School of Medicine. To conduct this research, Balkowiec partnered with John M. Bissonnette, M.D., professor of obstetrics and gynecology, and cell and developmental biology in the OHSU School of Medicine.
Additional study authors include: Anke Vermehren-Schmaedick, Ph.D., OHSU Department of Biomedical Engineering; Victoria K. Jenkins, B.A., who is currently pursuing her doctorate at Boston University; and Sharon J. Knopp, a research assistant in Bissonnette's lab.
The study was supported by grants from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health; March of Dimes; and International Rett Syndrome Foundation.
*Source: Oregon Health & Science University
Ensayos clínicos con aplicaciones para el teléfono móvil
Hoy en día, numerosas 'herramientas' de software prometen servir de ayuda a médicos y pacientes en su día a día. Existen aplicaciones electrónicas para evaluar el estado de la glucosa, analizar pruebas de imagen o afinar un diagnóstico, entre otras muchas finalidades. Sin embargo, en muchas ocasiones su indicación y su efectividad real no se ha probado de manera adecuada.
No es el caso de una propuesta para monitorizar la actividad física desde el móvil. Como si de un medicamento o un nuevo dispositivo sanitario se tratara, este programa de control del ejercicio se someterá a un ensayo clínico para aclarar cuál es su utilidad y de qué forma podría emplearse.
"Las tecnologías móviles ya están disponibles, puede accederse a ellas de forma sencilla y podrían proporcionar una herramienta para hacer llegar distintas intervenciones sobre actividad física. Sin embargo, seguimos necesitando saber cómo emplear esas tecnologías para fomentar el ejercicio", han explicado los promotores de esta investigación, que pretende examinar la eficacia de una intervención basada en el uso de un podómetro y un programa de seguimiento para el móvil.
Estos científicos de la Universidad de California (San Francisco, EEUU) realizarán un seguimiento a 192 mujeres de hábitos sedentarios a las que se les indicarán diferentes patrones. Así, uno de los grupos utilizará de un modo más activo el móvil, otro combinará su uso con el del podómetro y un tercero basará sus actividades únicamente en el podómetro.
La hipótesis que tratará de probar este estudio es que la tecnología móvil es una herramienta muy útil para establecer objetivos individuales, proporcionar un seguimiento real de los avances conseguidos y fomentar el apoyo y la comunicación con el entorno.
"Si la eficacia de esta intervención con el móvil se demuestra en este ensayo clínico, los datos podrían proporcionar nuevas perspectivas" para la ciencia del comportamiento y la s aplicaciones médicas para móviles y tabletas, han señalado los investigadores, que esperan tener resultados en unos meses.
No es el caso de una propuesta para monitorizar la actividad física desde el móvil. Como si de un medicamento o un nuevo dispositivo sanitario se tratara, este programa de control del ejercicio se someterá a un ensayo clínico para aclarar cuál es su utilidad y de qué forma podría emplearse.
"Las tecnologías móviles ya están disponibles, puede accederse a ellas de forma sencilla y podrían proporcionar una herramienta para hacer llegar distintas intervenciones sobre actividad física. Sin embargo, seguimos necesitando saber cómo emplear esas tecnologías para fomentar el ejercicio", han explicado los promotores de esta investigación, que pretende examinar la eficacia de una intervención basada en el uso de un podómetro y un programa de seguimiento para el móvil.
Estos científicos de la Universidad de California (San Francisco, EEUU) realizarán un seguimiento a 192 mujeres de hábitos sedentarios a las que se les indicarán diferentes patrones. Así, uno de los grupos utilizará de un modo más activo el móvil, otro combinará su uso con el del podómetro y un tercero basará sus actividades únicamente en el podómetro.
La hipótesis que tratará de probar este estudio es que la tecnología móvil es una herramienta muy útil para establecer objetivos individuales, proporcionar un seguimiento real de los avances conseguidos y fomentar el apoyo y la comunicación con el entorno.
"Si la eficacia de esta intervención con el móvil se demuestra en este ensayo clínico, los datos podrían proporcionar nuevas perspectivas" para la ciencia del comportamiento y la s aplicaciones médicas para móviles y tabletas, han señalado los investigadores, que esperan tener resultados en unos meses.
**Publicado en "EL MUNDO"
Study offers new information for flu fight
Influenza virus can rapidly evolve from one form to another, complicating the effectiveness of vaccines and anti-viral drugs used to treat it. By first understanding the complex host cell pathways that the flu uses for replication, University of Georgia researchers are finding new strategies for therapies and vaccines, according to a study published in the January issue of the Journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. The researchers studied RNA interference to determine the host genes influenza uses for virus replication.
All viruses act as parasites by latching onto healthy cells and hijacking the cells' components, essentially turning the cell into a factory that produces copies of the virus. This process begins when influenza binds to sugars found on the surface of host cells in the lung and respiratory tract. Once attached, the virus downloads its genetic information into the nucleus of the cell, and virus replication begins.
"Viruses contain very minimal genetic information and have evolved to parasitize host cell machinery to package and replicate virus cells. Because virus replication is dependent on host cell components, determining the genes needed for this process allows for the development of novel disease intervention strategies that include anti-virals and vaccines," said study co-author Ralph Tripp, a Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar and Chair of Animal Health Vaccine Development in the UGA College of Veterinary Medicine.
"We have the technology today that allows us to target specific genes in human cells and silence those genes to inhibit the production of virus in the cells," he said.
RNA interference, which was first discovered as the mechanism that effects color change in petunia breeding, is now being applied to medical advancements. Using RNAi silencing technologies, Tripp's lab was able to identify key host cell pathways needed by influenza virus for replication.
"We have a very limited toolbox for treating influenza," Tripp said. "There are two medications currently used to treat flu infections, but virus resistance has developed to these drugs. Our studies have identified several novel host genes and associated cell pathways that can be targeted with existing drugs to silence virus replication."
Understanding which genes can be silenced to inhibit growth of viruses opens the medicine cabinet for the repurposing of existing drugs.
Existing anti-viral drugs slow influenza virus replication by preventing the virus from releasing itself from its host cell. These treatments target the virus, which is able to rapidly mutate to avoid drug sensitivity. In contrast, drugs that target host genes work more effectively because host genes rarely change or mutate.
"If we target a host gene, the virus can't adapt," Tripp said. The influenza virus "may look for other host genes in the same pathway to use, which may be many, but we have identified the majority of preferred genes and can target these genes for silencing."
The influenza A virus has eight single RNA strands that code for 11 proteins. Recent studies suggest it may need several dozen host genes to reproduce. Turning off the apex, or signaling, gene can cause the reproduction sequence to stall.
"Through this research we can repurpose previously approved drugs and apply those to influenza treatments, drastically reducing the time from the laboratory to human medicine," said Victoria Meliopoulos, a UGA graduate student and co-author of the study. "We can manipulate the cellular microenvironment to increase the viral yield during vaccine manufacturing."
Meliopoulos said these discoveries can be used to create new anti-viral drugs and develop better vaccines that can be used to treat patients with influenza. This technology also can be used to improve medications for other viruses like hepatitis and polio.
The technology allows the researchers "to establish a comprehensive roadmap of human genes modulated during influenza virus infection to better understand these disease mechanisms and to identify novel targets for anti-influenza therapy," said Lauren Andersen, a UGA graduate student and co-author of the study.
Influenza is the world's leading cause of morbidity and mortality; seasonal viruses affect up to 15 percent of the human population and cause severe illness in 5 million people a year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In the U.S., financial losses caused by seasonal influenza are estimated to exceed $87 billion annually.
*Source: University of Georgia
All viruses act as parasites by latching onto healthy cells and hijacking the cells' components, essentially turning the cell into a factory that produces copies of the virus. This process begins when influenza binds to sugars found on the surface of host cells in the lung and respiratory tract. Once attached, the virus downloads its genetic information into the nucleus of the cell, and virus replication begins.
"Viruses contain very minimal genetic information and have evolved to parasitize host cell machinery to package and replicate virus cells. Because virus replication is dependent on host cell components, determining the genes needed for this process allows for the development of novel disease intervention strategies that include anti-virals and vaccines," said study co-author Ralph Tripp, a Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar and Chair of Animal Health Vaccine Development in the UGA College of Veterinary Medicine.
"We have the technology today that allows us to target specific genes in human cells and silence those genes to inhibit the production of virus in the cells," he said.
RNA interference, which was first discovered as the mechanism that effects color change in petunia breeding, is now being applied to medical advancements. Using RNAi silencing technologies, Tripp's lab was able to identify key host cell pathways needed by influenza virus for replication.
"We have a very limited toolbox for treating influenza," Tripp said. "There are two medications currently used to treat flu infections, but virus resistance has developed to these drugs. Our studies have identified several novel host genes and associated cell pathways that can be targeted with existing drugs to silence virus replication."
Understanding which genes can be silenced to inhibit growth of viruses opens the medicine cabinet for the repurposing of existing drugs.
Existing anti-viral drugs slow influenza virus replication by preventing the virus from releasing itself from its host cell. These treatments target the virus, which is able to rapidly mutate to avoid drug sensitivity. In contrast, drugs that target host genes work more effectively because host genes rarely change or mutate.
"If we target a host gene, the virus can't adapt," Tripp said. The influenza virus "may look for other host genes in the same pathway to use, which may be many, but we have identified the majority of preferred genes and can target these genes for silencing."
The influenza A virus has eight single RNA strands that code for 11 proteins. Recent studies suggest it may need several dozen host genes to reproduce. Turning off the apex, or signaling, gene can cause the reproduction sequence to stall.
"Through this research we can repurpose previously approved drugs and apply those to influenza treatments, drastically reducing the time from the laboratory to human medicine," said Victoria Meliopoulos, a UGA graduate student and co-author of the study. "We can manipulate the cellular microenvironment to increase the viral yield during vaccine manufacturing."
Meliopoulos said these discoveries can be used to create new anti-viral drugs and develop better vaccines that can be used to treat patients with influenza. This technology also can be used to improve medications for other viruses like hepatitis and polio.
The technology allows the researchers "to establish a comprehensive roadmap of human genes modulated during influenza virus infection to better understand these disease mechanisms and to identify novel targets for anti-influenza therapy," said Lauren Andersen, a UGA graduate student and co-author of the study.
Influenza is the world's leading cause of morbidity and mortality; seasonal viruses affect up to 15 percent of the human population and cause severe illness in 5 million people a year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In the U.S., financial losses caused by seasonal influenza are estimated to exceed $87 billion annually.
*Source: University of Georgia
¿Conocer el riesgo de sufrir un infarto o un ictus?
¿Quiere saber si tendrá un infarto a lo largo de su vida? Según un equipo de investigadores de EEUU, si usted es hombre, ya ha alcanzado los 45, no fuma, no tiene sobrepreso ni diabetes y tampoco hipertensión, entonces su riesgo de sufrirlo es sólo de un 1,4%.
Sin embargo, con dos o más factores de riesgo a su espalda, las probabilidades se incrementan a un 49,5%. Así lo recoge un estudio que acaba de publicar la revista 'The New England Journal of Medicine'. Por primera vez, aseguran los responsables del trabajo, "analizamos el riesgo de enfermedad coronaria tanto en blancos como en negros, mujeres y hombres a lo largo de la vida". Hasta ahora, continúan, los trabajos se centraban especialmente en población blanca y masculina y con una previsión de 10 años.
En total, los investigadores de Northwestern University examinaron a más de 250.000 personas en un periodo de 50 años. A los 45, 55, 65 y 75 años, los participantes se sometían a una evaluación de sus niveles de colesterol, presión arterial, consumo de tabaco y diabetes. Los autores se centraban en estos aspectos, por ser los principales factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular o ictus.
Observaron que los hombres que alcanzaban los 45 sin estos factores sólo tenían un riesgo de 1,4% de sufrir cualquiera de estas afecciones. Sin embargo, bastaba con que fumaran y tuvieran mayores niveles de colesterol para que las probabilidades ascendieran a un 49,5%.
En el caso de las mujeres, al llegar a los 45 en plena forma, pueden sufrir infarto o ictus en un 4,1%. Con dos o más factores de riesgo, las posibilidades aumentan al 30,7%. "Vimos que las mujeres tenían más riesgo de ictus que los hombres, pero menos infartos", afirman los autores en el artículo.
Esto se debe, según Jaime Masjuán Vallejo, coordinador de la Unidad de Ictus del Hospital Ramón y Cajal de Madrid, a que "ellas viven más años y los ictus suelen ocurrir con más frecuencia a partir de los 65". Sin embargo, continúa, "la cardiopatía afecta a gente más joven y más a hombres, ya que ellos tienen peor control de los factores de riesgo, como puede ser el tabaco".
Como explica el doctor Masjuán Vallejo, los resultados de este estudio "subrayan la importancia de la prevención" y desvelan que la eficacia de los fármacos para controlar la diabetes o la hipertensión son mucho menos eficaces para prevenir los episodios cardiovasculares que llegar a los 45 sin este tipo de factores".
Dado que el trabajo incluye una amplia muestra de participantes, apunta el especialista español, "sus conclusiones son muy significativas". Sobre todo, teniendo en cuenta la necesidad que existe en la actualidad de trabajar más en la prevención. "Antes, ver a gente de menos de 50 años con un ictus era excepcional. Ahora, todas las semanas tenemos algún caso y esto es porque tenemos mayor carga de obesidad, hipertensión, diabetes y tabaco. No nos damos cuenta de que a poco que se descotrolen los niveles, por ejemplo de colesterol, antes de los 50, el riesgo de infarto o ictus incrementa considerablemente".
Los investigadores recuerdan, por tanto, que el estilo de vida es clave, particularmente la dieta, el ejercicio y dejar de fumar, que es lo que más ayuda a reducir los factores de riesgo que llevan a sufrir enfermedad coronaria o ictus. "Desde el punto de vista de la prevención, debemos hacer más hincapié en la idea de hacer todo lo posible por no desarrollar diabetes, hipertensión, no fumar ni acumular kilos de más", señala uno de los autores, Jarett Berry. Esto será lo más eficaz para mantener el corazón en forma a lo largo de la vida.
**publicado en "EL MUNDO"
Sin embargo, con dos o más factores de riesgo a su espalda, las probabilidades se incrementan a un 49,5%. Así lo recoge un estudio que acaba de publicar la revista 'The New England Journal of Medicine'. Por primera vez, aseguran los responsables del trabajo, "analizamos el riesgo de enfermedad coronaria tanto en blancos como en negros, mujeres y hombres a lo largo de la vida". Hasta ahora, continúan, los trabajos se centraban especialmente en población blanca y masculina y con una previsión de 10 años.
En total, los investigadores de Northwestern University examinaron a más de 250.000 personas en un periodo de 50 años. A los 45, 55, 65 y 75 años, los participantes se sometían a una evaluación de sus niveles de colesterol, presión arterial, consumo de tabaco y diabetes. Los autores se centraban en estos aspectos, por ser los principales factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular o ictus.
Observaron que los hombres que alcanzaban los 45 sin estos factores sólo tenían un riesgo de 1,4% de sufrir cualquiera de estas afecciones. Sin embargo, bastaba con que fumaran y tuvieran mayores niveles de colesterol para que las probabilidades ascendieran a un 49,5%.
En el caso de las mujeres, al llegar a los 45 en plena forma, pueden sufrir infarto o ictus en un 4,1%. Con dos o más factores de riesgo, las posibilidades aumentan al 30,7%. "Vimos que las mujeres tenían más riesgo de ictus que los hombres, pero menos infartos", afirman los autores en el artículo.
Esto se debe, según Jaime Masjuán Vallejo, coordinador de la Unidad de Ictus del Hospital Ramón y Cajal de Madrid, a que "ellas viven más años y los ictus suelen ocurrir con más frecuencia a partir de los 65". Sin embargo, continúa, "la cardiopatía afecta a gente más joven y más a hombres, ya que ellos tienen peor control de los factores de riesgo, como puede ser el tabaco".
Como explica el doctor Masjuán Vallejo, los resultados de este estudio "subrayan la importancia de la prevención" y desvelan que la eficacia de los fármacos para controlar la diabetes o la hipertensión son mucho menos eficaces para prevenir los episodios cardiovasculares que llegar a los 45 sin este tipo de factores".
Dado que el trabajo incluye una amplia muestra de participantes, apunta el especialista español, "sus conclusiones son muy significativas". Sobre todo, teniendo en cuenta la necesidad que existe en la actualidad de trabajar más en la prevención. "Antes, ver a gente de menos de 50 años con un ictus era excepcional. Ahora, todas las semanas tenemos algún caso y esto es porque tenemos mayor carga de obesidad, hipertensión, diabetes y tabaco. No nos damos cuenta de que a poco que se descotrolen los niveles, por ejemplo de colesterol, antes de los 50, el riesgo de infarto o ictus incrementa considerablemente".
Los investigadores recuerdan, por tanto, que el estilo de vida es clave, particularmente la dieta, el ejercicio y dejar de fumar, que es lo que más ayuda a reducir los factores de riesgo que llevan a sufrir enfermedad coronaria o ictus. "Desde el punto de vista de la prevención, debemos hacer más hincapié en la idea de hacer todo lo posible por no desarrollar diabetes, hipertensión, no fumar ni acumular kilos de más", señala uno de los autores, Jarett Berry. Esto será lo más eficaz para mantener el corazón en forma a lo largo de la vida.
**publicado en "EL MUNDO"
Molecular fingerprint discovered that may improve outcomes for head and neck cancer patients
Researchers at Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University and Montefiore Medical Center, the University Hospital for Einstein, have found a biomarker in head and neck cancers that can predict whether a patient's tumor will be life threatening. The biomarker is considered particularly promising because it can detect the level of risk immediately following diagnosis. This discovery could become a component of a new test to guide how aggressively those with head and neck tumors should be treated. The findings were published online January 9 in the American Journal of Pathology.
"Previous efforts to identify biomarkers for guiding treatment of head and neck cancer have not developed anything clinically useful for patients," said Geoffrey Childs, Ph.D., professor of pathology at Einstein and co-senior author of the paper.
Head and neck cancers, the sixth most common malignancy among men worldwide, most often affect the mouth, back of the throat and larynx (voice box). Smoking and alcohol use are major risk factors. Only half of patients are still alive more than five years after diagnosis -- a survival rate that hasn't changed in 40 years.
In their study, researchers took tissue samples from tumors and nearby healthy tissue of 123 head and neck cancer patients at Montefiore and measured levels of 736 members of a class of RNA molecules known as microRNAs. Certain members of this family of RNAs, which regulate protein abundance in cells, are abnormally expressed in head and neck cancers as well as every other malignant cell type yet examined. Of all the microRNAs measured, one in particular -- miR-375 -- stood out for being the most down-regulated (i.e., expressed at low levels) in head and neck tumors compared with its levels in adjacent normal tissue.
The researchers ranked these 123 patients according to how extreme the difference was between the miR-375 in their tumor and in adjacent normal tissue, with that difference expressed as the ratio "miR-375 level in patient's tumor tissue divided by miR-375 level in patient's normal tissue." All patients were then followed throughout the course of their illness.
MiR-375 proved to be a highly useful biomarker for predicting disease outcome. The patients for whom the difference between their tumor and normal-tissue miR-375 levels was most extreme (i.e., the one-fourth of patients with the lowest ratios) were nearly 13 times more likely to die or 9 times more likely to experience distant spread (metastasis) of their cancer compared to patients with higher miR-375 ratios.
"As as a result of our study," Dr. Childs noted, "we hope that miR-375 will become part of a laboratory test to determine which patients have potentially lethal tumors and therefore should be treated aggressively following initial diagnosis. Our entire head and neck cancer group is working to identify and refine additional biomarkers to create a useful clinical test or 'personalized genetic signature' to help individual patients get the best possible treatment."
*Source: Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University
"Previous efforts to identify biomarkers for guiding treatment of head and neck cancer have not developed anything clinically useful for patients," said Geoffrey Childs, Ph.D., professor of pathology at Einstein and co-senior author of the paper.
Head and neck cancers, the sixth most common malignancy among men worldwide, most often affect the mouth, back of the throat and larynx (voice box). Smoking and alcohol use are major risk factors. Only half of patients are still alive more than five years after diagnosis -- a survival rate that hasn't changed in 40 years.
In their study, researchers took tissue samples from tumors and nearby healthy tissue of 123 head and neck cancer patients at Montefiore and measured levels of 736 members of a class of RNA molecules known as microRNAs. Certain members of this family of RNAs, which regulate protein abundance in cells, are abnormally expressed in head and neck cancers as well as every other malignant cell type yet examined. Of all the microRNAs measured, one in particular -- miR-375 -- stood out for being the most down-regulated (i.e., expressed at low levels) in head and neck tumors compared with its levels in adjacent normal tissue.
The researchers ranked these 123 patients according to how extreme the difference was between the miR-375 in their tumor and in adjacent normal tissue, with that difference expressed as the ratio "miR-375 level in patient's tumor tissue divided by miR-375 level in patient's normal tissue." All patients were then followed throughout the course of their illness.
MiR-375 proved to be a highly useful biomarker for predicting disease outcome. The patients for whom the difference between their tumor and normal-tissue miR-375 levels was most extreme (i.e., the one-fourth of patients with the lowest ratios) were nearly 13 times more likely to die or 9 times more likely to experience distant spread (metastasis) of their cancer compared to patients with higher miR-375 ratios.
"As as a result of our study," Dr. Childs noted, "we hope that miR-375 will become part of a laboratory test to determine which patients have potentially lethal tumors and therefore should be treated aggressively following initial diagnosis. Our entire head and neck cancer group is working to identify and refine additional biomarkers to create a useful clinical test or 'personalized genetic signature' to help individual patients get the best possible treatment."
*Source: Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University
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