Traductor

28 September 2011

Rhode Island Hospital finds lack of testing for Legionella

A new study from Rhode Island Hospital shows that guidelines concerning testing patients for possible community-acquired pneumonia due to Legionella may underestimate the number of cases being seen by clinicians. The study found that if testing was only done in patients felt to be at increased risk of Legionnaires' disease based on such guidelines, more than 40 percent of Legionella cases could be missed based on this single-center study. The researchers suggest more widespread testing for Legionella in patients admitted to hospitals with pneumonia. The study is published in BMC Infectious Diseases and is now available online in advance of print.
Legionella is the bacteria that causes Legionnaires' disease, a dangerous and potentially fatal infectious disease. In the Infectious Diseases Society of American (IDSA) and the American Thoracic Society (ATS) community-acquired pneumonia guidelines, testing for the urine antigen of Legionella is recommended for patients with any of the following: severe pneumonia requiring intensive care unit admission, failure of outpatient antibiotics, active alcohol abuse, history of travel within previous two weeks, or pleural effusion.
Leonard Mermel, DO, medical director of the epidemiology and infection control department at Rhode Island Hospital, is the senior author of this retrospective study that identified nearly 4,000 patients with a primary or secondary diagnosis of pneumonia in an 18-month period. Of those patients, 35 percent had a Legionella urine antigen testing or had a Legionella culture performed. In addition, 44 percent of patients who had a bronchoscopy had a specimen sent for Legionella culture and/or had Legionella urine antigen testing. Of the patients with pneumonia due to Legionella, only 22 percent met the IDSA/ATC criteria recommending Legionella testing.
Mermel says, "This single-center study suggests that current recommendations for Legionella testing will result in missed cases. More widespread testing will identify additional cases allowing focused antimicrobial therapy and will alert public health officials of such Legionella cases."
Co-author Brian Hollenbeck, M.D., adds, "Legionella is a severe cause of community- and hospital-acquired pneumonias. We hope that this study will raise awareness of the need for more comprehensive Legionella testing in patients who are hospitalized with pneumonia."

**Source: Lifespan

Lanzan un videojuego de ayuda en la lucha contra el SIDA



La ciencia llevaba más de una década tratando de averiguar la estructura real de una enzima clave en el desarrollo del sida en macacos. Ningún resultado había sido aceptable hasta que, por agotamiento, un equipo de investigadores decidió plantear la incógnita como un juego en la red. La estrategia dio su fruto y, en menos de tres semanas, los jugadores de Fold.it–la denominación del videojuego diseñado por los departamentos de informática y bioquímica de la Universidad de Washington- habían dado con la clave.
La enzima en cuestión parece contribuir de forma determinante en la proliferación del virus en el organismo de los macacos. Para poder frenar su acción, los científicos necesitaban conocer su estructura real, en tres dimensiones, pero, aunque sí habían podido conocer su composición, la forma definitiva se les escapaba.
Las combinaciones posibles de su estructura eran inmensas y la ayuda de un ordenador no parecía suficiente para dar con la combinación más eficaz.
Precisamente para dar al proceso un toque 'humano' los investigadores echaron mano del videojuego on-line Fold.it. "Las personas tienen una capacidad de razonamiento en el espacio superior a la de los ordenadores", han comentado sus creadores, que desarrollaron un modelo virtual que permitía a los jugadores on-line 'buscar' la forma de distintas proteínas respetando las reglas básicas de la química.
Desde su lanzamiento en 2008, alrededor de 240.000 personas han jugado a Fold.it que, entre otros retos, ha puesto en marcha una competición internacional de 'plegado' de proteínas.
De un tiempo a esta parte, el videojuego ha propuesto a sus seguidores el desafío de encontrar soluciones a problemas con los que la ciencia ha chocado repetidas veces. Uno de ellos era la estructura de la citada enzima del sida que, para sorpresa de todos, en apenas unos días ya tenía una solución probable.
Tras tres semanas de intentos, los investigadores compararon las propuestas con modelos cristalográficos y se dieron cuenta de que al menos un grupo de jugadores -la mayoría de los cuales no tenía ninguna relación con la bioquímica- había conseguido determinar la estructura correcta de la enzima.
El hallazgo, conseguido gracias a la combinación de ciencia, juegos e informática, permitirá avanzar un paso más en el complicado puzzle del sida, han comentado los investigadores, que han publicado los resultados de su trabajo en la revista 'Nature'.
Además, el descubrimiento también abre la puerta a nuevas colaboraciones entre campos a priori muy dispares en el ámbito del conocimiento.






**Publicado en "EL MUNDO"

Study finds aggressive glycemic control in diabetic cabg patients does not improve survival

Surgeons from Boston Medical Center (BMC) have found that in diabetic patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, aggressive glycemic control does not result in any significant improvement of clinical outcomes as compared with moderate control. The findings, which appear in this month's issue of Annals of Surgery, also found the incidence of hypoglycemic events increased with aggressive glycemic control. Currently, 40 percent of all patients undergoing CABG suffer from diabetes, and this number is quickly rising. Traditionally these patients have more complications following surgery, including greater risk of heart attacks, more wound infections and reduced long-term survival.
Maintaining serum glucose between 120-180 mg/dl with continuous insulin infusions decreases morbidity in diabetic patients undergoing CABG. Prior studies in surgical patients requiring prolonged ventilation suggest that aggressive glycemic control (less than 120 mg/dl) may improve survival. However, its effect in diabetic CABG patients is unknown.
Eighty-two diabetic patients undergoing CABG were prospectively randomized to receive either aggressive glycemic control or moderate glycemic control using continuous intravenous insulin solutions beginning at anesthesia and continuing for 18 hours after surgery.
According to BMC cardiothoracic surgeon Harold Lazar, MD, who authored the presentation, there was no difference in the incidence of major adverse effects between the two groups. "Aggressive glycemic control did not result in any significant improvement of clinical outcomes than can be achieved with moderate control," said Lazar, who is also a professor of cardiothoracic surgery at Boston University School of Medicine "Although aggressive glycemic control did increase the incidence of hypoglycemic events, it did not result in an increased incidence of neurological events," he added.

**Source: Boston University Medical Center

Shorter radiation course for prostate cancer is effective in long-term follow-up

A shorter course of radiation treatment that delivers higher doses of radiation per day in fewer days (hypofractionation) is as effective in decreasing intermediate to high-risk prostate cancer from returning as conventional radiation therapy at five years after treatment, according to a randomized trial presented at the plenary session, October 3, 2011, at the 53rdAnnual Meeting of the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO). "This long-term study confirms that hypofractionated radiation that shortens treatment by about two and a half weeks is a practical approach to effectively controlling prostate cancer, as compared to the more standard treatment for men with intermediate to high-risk prostate cancer," Alan Pollack, MD, chairman of radiation oncology at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine in Miami, said.
The strategy to compress treatment schedules using hypofractionation is based on years of studies indicating that there could be a radiobiologic advantage to this approach. Prior research has indicated that tumor cells would be killed to a greater degree with hypofractionation than the potentially damaging effects on the surrounding normal tissues, namely the rectum, penile structures affecting erections and bladder. Another newer approach to hypofractionation incorporated into this trial is the use of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), which further limits dose to the normal tissues. IMRT has proven value in limiting side effects in the treatment of prostate cancer with external beam radiotherapy.
The study involved 303 men with intermediate to high-risk prostate cancer who were randomized to receive either hypofractionated IMRT or conventionally fractionated IMRT between 2002 and 2006. The high risk patients also received a form of hormone therapy for two years. The patients were followed for over five years to find out if their cancer returned by monitoring prostate specific antigen (PSA), a blood test and established indicator of prostate cancer recurrence when increasing levels are seen.
Dr. Pollack said, "we are still learning how best to apply hypofractionation and the results in this trial show that the technique is very effective."
The hypofractionation approach used was given in a shorter period of time with higher doses per day and was expected to be equivalent to four extra treatments using conventional fractionation. While the hypofractionation treatment was hypothesized to be superior, the same tumor control rates were observed. The conventionally fractionated patients had better outcomes than expected. The benefit of the hypofractionation method used was that comparable results were achieved in two and a half fewer weeks of treatment.
In terms of side effects, the rates were relatively low for both methods. There were identical long-term rates of bowel/rectal reactions and the frequency of unsatisfactory erections. There was, however, significantly higher bladder control in the conventionally fractionated patients.
"Late urinary symptoms were higher with hypofractionation but were low overall, particularly when the incidence of persistent urinary symptoms (<10 percent at five years) was analyzed, rather than just as an isolated event," Dr. Pollack said. "Hypofractionation is rapidly gaining momentum for many types of cancers. The results presented here bring us much closer to effectively treating prostate cancer in a shorter period of time, with acceptable side effects."

**Source: American Society for Radiation Oncology

La AMA vigilará los efectos de la nicotina en los deportistas

La Agencia Mundial Antidopaje (AMA) ha hecho pública este martes la lista de sustancias prohibidas para el año 2012, donde lo más novedoso es el seguimiento que el organismo hará de la nicotina. "De cara a detectar potenciales modelos de abuso, la nicotina ha sido situada en el Programa de Supervisión 2012 de la AMA. No es la intención de la AMA encontrar a los fumadores, sino controlar los efectos que la nicotina puede tener en el rendimiento cuando es tomada por vía oral", indica el organismo.
La agencia recuerda que la nicotina es "uno de los muchos estimulantes" que han añadido a este programa junto a "narcóticos como la hidrocodona y el tramadol". "El uso fuera de la competición de los glucocorticoesteroides también ha sido incluido", añade.
"Bajo el artículo 4.5 del Código Mundial Antidopaje, la AMA tiene la potestad para establecer un programa de seguimiento para sustancias que no están en la lista, pero sobre las cuales desea seguir de cara a detectar potenciales modelos de mal uso", sentencia.
El organismo presidido por John Fahey también recalca que otros "de los cambios más significativos" es la eliminación del formoterol de la sección 3 'Beta-2 Agonistas' de la lista cuando es ingerido por inhalación en dosis terapéuticas.

Study examines whether age for initial screening colonoscopy should be different for men, women

An analysis of results of more than 40,000 screening colonoscopies finds that men have a higher rate of advanced tumors compared to women in all age groups examined, suggesting that the age that individuals should undergo an initial screening colonoscopy should be sex-specific, according to a study in the Sept. 28 issue of JAMA. Although some studies have shown that men are at greater age-specific risk for advanced colorectal neoplasia than women, the age for referring patients to screening colonoscopy for colorectal cancer (CRC) in average-risk patients is 50 years for both men and women because of the increase in the prevalence of CRC in the sixth decade of life. The goal of screening colonoscopy is to find and remove adenomas (polyps, or benign tumors) and particularly advanced adenomas (AAs), according to background information in the article.
Monika Ferlitsch, M.D., of the Austrian Society for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Vienna, Austria, and colleagues conducted a study to investigate the most appropriate age for initial screening colonoscopy for both male and female patient groups to achieve a higher detection rate of adenoma, AA, and CRC, which could result in a lower CRC mortality rate. The study included 44,350 participants in a national screening colonoscopy program over a 4-year period (2007 to 2010) in Austria. Of the participants, 51 percent were women; the median (midpoint) ages were 60.7 years for women and 60.6 years for men.
The results of the screening colonoscopies included polyps in 34.4 percent (n = 15,267) of the patients, colon cancer in 0.4 percent (n = 162), and rectal cancer in 0.2 percent (n = 92). In 61.4 percent (n = 27,212) of the colonoscopies, no abnormalities were found. Adenomas were found in 19.7 percent of individuals screened, AAs in 6.3 percent, and CRCs in 1.1 percent. The prevalence of adenomas was 24.9 percent for men and 14.8 percent for women; among 50- to 54-year-old men, the prevalence was 18.5 percent, which was greater than the prevalence among women in the same age group (10.7 percent) but similar to the prevalence among 65- to 69-year-old women (17.9 percent). The average number needed to screen (NNS) to detect adenomas were 5.1 for all individuals, 4.0 for men, and 6.7 for women. In 50- to 54-year-old women, NNS was nearly twice as high as in men at the same age (9.3 vs. 5.4). Among 45- to 49-year-old men, NNS was 5.9; a similar NNS of 6.0 was found for women ages 60 to 64 years.
"The prevalence of AAs in 50- to 54-year-old individuals was 5.0 percent in men but 2.9 percent in women; the NNS in men was 20 vs. 34 in women. There was no statistical significance between the prevalence and NNS of AAs in men aged 45 to 49 years compared with women aged 55 to 59 years (3.8 percent vs. 3.9 percent and 26.1 vs. 26," the authors write.
The prevalence of CRC was twice as high among men compared with women (1.5 percent vs. 0.7 percent). A prevalence of 1.2 percent among 65- to 69-year-old women was similar to that in 55-to 59-year-old men (1.3 percent). The researchers found that 55- to 59-year-old men had similar NNS for CRC to that for women who were 10 years older (65-69 years): 75.0 vs. 81.8, respectively.
"In our study, analysis of age- and sex-specific prevalence of adenomas, AAs, and CRC indicates a significantly higher rate of these lesions among men compared with women in all age groups, suggesting that male sex constitutes an independent risk factor for colorectal carcinoma and indicating new sex-specific age recommendations for screening colonoscopy," the authors write.
The researchers note that "deciding whether to adjust the age at which screening begins also requires considering whether the recommended age for women should be older or the recommended age for men younger."
"Further prospective studies are needed to demonstrate the relative clinical effectiveness of screening at different ages."

**Source: JAMA and Archives Journals

Entrevista en ABC al presidente de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina



Excelso profesor y médico, amante del flamenco y apasionado del mundo de la cerveza: una mezcla «premium».
-Nací en Cádiz, me crié en Sevilla, luego a Madrid, y el flamenco lo llevo en mi alma. Y también me fascina la cerveza: tengo más de 5.000 latas, que todo el mundo me pregunta si me las he bebido, y más de 350 tiradores de cerveza, algunos de primeros de siglo. En fin, curiosidades del ser humano al margen de su profesión.
-Si «aceite de oliva» está en el gran Diccionario de la Medicina en español, no faltará «cerveza»...
-Está «levadura de cerveza», que descubrió Pasteur.
-Seis años de trabajo, 52.000 entradas y 30.000 sinónimos: ¿ahí está todo el saber médico?
-Aquí está el primer gran diccionario de términos médicos escrito y pensado en español. Parecen muchas palabras, pero si profundizas en las que debería tener un teórico diccionario ideal, podemos pensar en 110.000 entradas, incluidos arcaísmos, que aún usan algunos médicos. La obra completa será la segunda edición con todos los términos panhispánicos.
-Ponen el dedo en la llaga. «No confundir eutanasia con suicidio asistido».
-Sí, pero el diccionario es aséptico, puramente descriptivo y sin juicios de valor, como no podía ser de otro modo. Se dan definiciones y recomendaciones de uso. Y algunas palabras aparecen tachadas, porque se utilizan vulgarmente y proponemos usar otra.
-¿Por ejemplo?
-Salmonella y salmonelosis. Un paciente no padece salmonela, que es la bacteria, sino la enfermedad, salmonelosis. O no se debe hablar de «rash», sino de erupción cutánea o exantema, pues queremos defender el español, tan rico, de anglicismos, aunque la lengua de la ciencia sea el inglés y por eso cada palabra española lleva aparejada su traducción a ese idioma.
-¿Han incorporado vulgarismos como «diabetis»?
-Veamos... (teclea en su ordenador http://www.ranm.es/ para consulta on-line). No está ni como observación.
-Incorporan «herida por asta de toro» cuando quieren darle la puntilla a nuestra Fiesta nacional.
-Era el momento de dar su referencia porque en ningún diccionario anglosajón, ya imagina, aparece.
-Veamos: con «curita» no hablo de un cura bajito.
-Vayamos al diccionario. «Curita: tirita. De uso preferente en América».
-Allí van más al grano: al «depresor lingual» lo llaman «bajalenguas», y todos lo entendemos.
-El lenguaje de Centro y Suramérica tiene palabras verdaderamente perfectas. La RAE ha hecho una labor preciosa recuperando esos términos.
-¿Alguna palabra le sorprendió?
-Fatiga, y sin salir de España: en Madrid es cansancio; para un andaluz, náusea; y para el resto, disnea.
-Y ahí está agudo, que no es lo mismo si va con dolor que con tratamiento.
-O con sonido, cuando ponemos el fonendoscopio. Lo importante es conocer sus acepciones, y todo esto lo explica este diccionario de gran rigor lexicográfico y que, además de la etimología, reseña cuándo empezaron a usarse los términos. Volvemos a «agudo»: «Del medievo, entre el 1100 y el 1200».
-Conociendo su significado, ya solo falta que sepamos qué palabras son cuando escribe un médico.
-El ordenador ha cambiado eso. Cada vez hace más prescripciones, recetas e informes informatizados.
-Internet es revolución en medicina, pero azote de hipocondriacos.
-Un problema muy serio. La capacidad de un lego en medicina para discriminar lo que está en la Red es pequeña o nula. De una enfermedad puede hallar dos millones de páginas, y paciente y familia están perdidos.
-Para miles de médicos usted es la referencia.
-He cumplido 70 años y soy catedrático desde 1982. Miles de estudiantes han pasado por mis aulas, y cientos de MIR por el servicio del Hospital Clínico San Carlos. Y tengo la satisfacción de que alguno me recuerda con cariño e incluso con agradecimiento.
-¿Y «profesor» también está en su diccionario?
-No creo, pero espere a ver... (vuelve a teclear) ¡Está!






-Urdidor de sueños
Díaz-Rubio (Cádiz, 1941), catedrático de Patología y Clínica Médicas, es desde 1975 jefe del Servicio de Aparato Digestivo del madrileño Hospital Clínico San Carlos. Al frente de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina, donde su padre y maestro le precedió como académico, ha impulsado tres sueños: el primer gran Diccionario de Términos Médicos escrito en español (Editorial Médica Panamericana), que, cumplido, ayer presentó en Madrid; la modernización y apertura de la RANM, otro hecho; y el Museo de Medicina Infanta Margarita, dinámico y pedagógico, para acercar la historia médica a la sociedad, «en el que trabajamos con ahínco para hacerlo pronto realidad».






**Publicado en "ABC"

CONTACTO · Aviso Legal · Política de Privacidad · Política de Cookies

Copyright © Noticia de Salud