Los días 16, 17 y 18 de febrero se ha celebrado la decimoquinta edición de Cardioforo en Toledo. Laboratorios Rovi -junto con Bayer, Lacer, MSD, Pfizer y Boehringer Ingelheim-, han apoyado un año más a la Sociedad Española de Cardiología (SEC).
Más de 200 cardiólogos han acudido este mes al XV Cardioforo, para informarse y compartir información sobre las últimas novedades en el área cardiovascular. Entre las mesas de debate celebradas destaca la titulada “Cardiopatía Isquémica”. Aquí se ha debatido sobre el papel de los actuales fármacos en el infarto agudo de miocardio; y las causas que lo desencadena, como la hipercolesterolemia, es decir, la presencia de niveles altos de colesterol en sangre. La cardiopatía isquémica –angina de pecho o infarto de miocardio- continúa siendo una de las principales causas de muerte en España. Se produce, en la mayoría de casos, por la elevada presencia de colesterol en la sangre.
La cardiopatía isquémica, ya sea de origen agudo –infarto de miocardio- o crónico –angina de pecho-, es la causa más común de la insuficiencia cardiaca. Es decir, la incapacidad del corazón para bombear eficientemente y mantener una circulación adecuada a las necesidades de los demás órganos. Los especialistas señalaron que la insuficiencia cardiaca crónica afecta a 1,2 millones de pacientes en España –aproximadamente el 10% de la población mayor de 60 años-. En España, la IC es la tercera causa de mortalidad, suponiendo el 15% del total de muertes cardiovasculares y la primera causa de hospitalización.
Los cardiólogos ya advirtieron el año pasado que muchas de las causas que provocan estos problemas cardiovasculares pueden prevenirse: manteniendo una dieta sana, libre de grasas saturadas LDL, evitando la obesidad y el tabaco.
Otros temas abordados en el XV Cardioforo, son la prevención de la muerte súbita en la miocardiopatía hipertrófica, la evaluación y el manejo de la insuficiencia cardiaca grave de origen.
Diario digital con noticias de actualidad relacionadas con el mundo de la salud. Novedades, encuestas, estudios, informes, entrevistas. Con un sencillo lenguaje dirigido a todo el mundo. Y algunos consejos turísticos para pasarlo bien
Traductor
24 February 2012
Los centros sanitarios andaluces tendrán un espacio con recursos para la prevención de riesgos laborales
Los centros sanitarios andaluces contarán con un espacio específico con recursos e información en prevención de riesgos laborales. Se trata de una plataforma virtual diseñada para contribuir a la innovación constante en esta área, así como a la creación de nuevas capacidades e iniciativas. Este espacio estará accesible desde el apartado e.profesional de la web del Servicio Andaluz de Salud y desde el perfil profesional de la Consejería de Salud.
La web se presenta como un espacio de participación activa y actualización permanente que facilita el acceso a información vigente, relevante y basada en la evidencia científica sobre la prevención de riesgos laborales, normativa en seguridad y salud laboral y salud de los trabajadores de los centros sanitarios. Para acceder a sus contenidos, los profesionales tendrán que darse de alta en este espacio.
La página se estructura en varios apartados o canales a fin de que los usuarios puedan compartir conocimientos y experiencias, ampliar y poner en común puntos de vista, e interactuar en el desarrollo de propuestas innovadoras.
Entre las herramientas de la web figuran, por tanto, el Espacio Ohsas, con contenidos para facilitar la implantación del Sistema de Gestión de Seguridad y Salud conforme al estándar OHSAS 18001:2007 del centro o área de trabajo que se quiera certificar; un Observatorio en el que se presentarán los resultados de estudios propios y de la investigación aplicada a la búsqueda de soluciones en situaciones reales, así como al fomento de la investigación en esta materia en centros sanitarios; un espacio de Buenas Prácticas e intercambio de experiencias, en el que se ofrece la posibilidad de dar a conocer actuaciones efectivas puestas en marcha; así como un apartado de actualidad en el que se recogerán noticias y documentación de actualidad. Además, acoge otros espacios que contribuirán a divulgar material esencial y de interés, al asesoramiento y apoyo técnico, y al desarrollo de medios de cooperación entre los distintos centros.
La Comunidad para la Salud, Innovación y Prevención en el SAS se gestiona desde la Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP) como un proyecto de la Unidad de Coordinación de las Unidades de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales del Servicio Andaluz de Salud, dependiente de la Dirección General de Personal y Desarrollo Profesional.
La web se presenta como un espacio de participación activa y actualización permanente que facilita el acceso a información vigente, relevante y basada en la evidencia científica sobre la prevención de riesgos laborales, normativa en seguridad y salud laboral y salud de los trabajadores de los centros sanitarios. Para acceder a sus contenidos, los profesionales tendrán que darse de alta en este espacio.
La página se estructura en varios apartados o canales a fin de que los usuarios puedan compartir conocimientos y experiencias, ampliar y poner en común puntos de vista, e interactuar en el desarrollo de propuestas innovadoras.
Entre las herramientas de la web figuran, por tanto, el Espacio Ohsas, con contenidos para facilitar la implantación del Sistema de Gestión de Seguridad y Salud conforme al estándar OHSAS 18001:2007 del centro o área de trabajo que se quiera certificar; un Observatorio en el que se presentarán los resultados de estudios propios y de la investigación aplicada a la búsqueda de soluciones en situaciones reales, así como al fomento de la investigación en esta materia en centros sanitarios; un espacio de Buenas Prácticas e intercambio de experiencias, en el que se ofrece la posibilidad de dar a conocer actuaciones efectivas puestas en marcha; así como un apartado de actualidad en el que se recogerán noticias y documentación de actualidad. Además, acoge otros espacios que contribuirán a divulgar material esencial y de interés, al asesoramiento y apoyo técnico, y al desarrollo de medios de cooperación entre los distintos centros.
La Comunidad para la Salud, Innovación y Prevención en el SAS se gestiona desde la Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP) como un proyecto de la Unidad de Coordinación de las Unidades de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales del Servicio Andaluz de Salud, dependiente de la Dirección General de Personal y Desarrollo Profesional.
Descubren por qué los niños con síndrome de Down tienen más riesgo de leucemia
Investigadores de la Universidad Northwestern de Chicago, en Estados Unidos, han descubierto en ratones una variante genética que puede ser la causa de que los niños con síndrome de Down tengan más riesgo de desarrollar algunos tipos de leucemia, la megacarioblástica y la linfoblástica aguda.
En concreto, y según los resultados publicados en el 'Journal of Clinical Investigation', observaron que una mayor expresión del cromosoma 21 en el gen DYRK1A hacía que aumentase el riesgo de leucemia en un modelo de ratones con síndrome de Down.
Además, en un posterior estudio 'in vitro' comprobaron que, al inhibir la actividad de dicho gen, se consiguió frenar el crecimiento de las células que dan lugar a este cáncer hematológico, lo que puede abrir paso al desarrollo de moléculas específicas con un potencial terapéutico frente a esta dolencia.
El síndrome de Down es una condición genética por la que una persona tiene una copia extra del cromosoma 21 (3 en lugar de 2), si bien todavía no estaba claro qué genes eran responsables del aumento del riesgo de desarrollar leucemia en niños con síndrome de Down.
**publicado en "EUROPA PRESS"
En concreto, y según los resultados publicados en el 'Journal of Clinical Investigation', observaron que una mayor expresión del cromosoma 21 en el gen DYRK1A hacía que aumentase el riesgo de leucemia en un modelo de ratones con síndrome de Down.
Además, en un posterior estudio 'in vitro' comprobaron que, al inhibir la actividad de dicho gen, se consiguió frenar el crecimiento de las células que dan lugar a este cáncer hematológico, lo que puede abrir paso al desarrollo de moléculas específicas con un potencial terapéutico frente a esta dolencia.
El síndrome de Down es una condición genética por la que una persona tiene una copia extra del cromosoma 21 (3 en lugar de 2), si bien todavía no estaba claro qué genes eran responsables del aumento del riesgo de desarrollar leucemia en niños con síndrome de Down.
**publicado en "EUROPA PRESS"
New Class of Treatment for Overactive Bladder Demonstrates Efficacy and Tolerability Across Three Separate Studies
ASTELLAS PHARMA EUROPE Ltd., European subsidiary of Tokyo-based Astellas Pharma Inc. today announced results from three separate clinical trials that further support the efficacy and tolerability of mirabegron. Mirabegron, a beta3 adrenoceptor agonist, is the first in a new class of treatment to be submitted for regulatory approval, using a novel mode of action for the treatment of OAB
The results, presented for the first time at the 27th annual congress of the European Association of Urology (EAU) in Paris demonstrate:
- Efficacy and tolerability of mirabegron in patients who have previously discontinued antimuscarinics - the current standard of care for OAB - Safety and efficacy of mirabegron in OAB patients over a 1 year period - Ocular safety of mirabegron with chronic use
In a sub-group, post-hoc analysis of the Phase III European-Australian trial, patients were randomised to mirabegron 50 or 100mg, tolterodine ER 4mg (a licenced antimuscarinic therapy) or placebo. Mirabegron was found to be effective in reducing the mean number of incontinence episodes/24 hours and micturitions/24 hours in antimuscarinic-naive patients as well as those who had discontinued prior antimuscarinic therapy, regardless of the reason for discontinuation. However, in patients who had discontinued prior antimuscarinic therapy due to lack of efficacy, only mirabegron demonstrated improvement in OAB symptoms - efficacy of tolterodine ER 4mg was similar to placebo.[1] For more information on the data, please see the 'notes to editors' section later in this release.
The results of a large physician / patient survey also presented at the EAU support the findings that mirabegron could be an important development for patients who have failed on previous antimuscarinic therapy due to lack of treatment response. In this survey of 519 physicians, (regarding 5,316 patients), pooled data across France, Germany, Spain and the UK found that the most common reason for switching antimuscarinics was lack of efficacy alone, accounting for 36% of 1,067 patients who switched therapy.[4]
"We have waited 30 years for a completely new mechanism of drug action to treat OAB," commented Dr Vik Khullar, head of the Department of Urogynaecology at St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and Principal Investigator of the European-Australian Phase III trial. "These results demonstrate that mirabegron can benefit many patients, but in particular, will offer hope to those patients who have discontinued antimuscarinic therapy due to lack of efficacy, who currently have no other treatment options."
As a first-in-class drug, long term safety and tolerability is important to establish. In a 12 month Phase III safety and tolerability study 2,444 patients were randomised to receive mirabegron 50mg, mirabegron 100mg or tolterodine ER 4mg. The study found that both mirabegron and tolterodine improved key symptoms of OAB, with improvements in efficacy from the first measured time point (month 1) and maintained throughout the one year treatment period. Overall reported adverse events were similar across all groups; mirabegron 50mg (59.7%), mirabegron 100mg (61.3%) and tolterodine ER 4mg (62.6%). However, the incidence of dry mouth, the most common and bothersome side effect associated with antimuscarinics, was considerably higher with tolterodine ER 4mg than with mirabegron 50mg or mirabegron 100mg (8.6%, 2.8% and 2.3% respectively).
"Dry mouth is a very common and troublesome side effect for patients on treatment with antimuscarinics, which often leads to problems with eating, speaking and general quality of life," commented Professor Christopher Chapple, Consultant Urological Surgeon at Sheffield Teaching Hospitals and Lead Investigator of the 12 month safety and tolerability study. "In fact, a number of patients find that this leads to them wishing to discontinue therapy. This study confirms that mirabegron, which represents a new class of oral agents, offers similar potential efficacy to an antimuscarinic, but without the same burden of dry mouth seen with antimuscarinics. This therefore provides an alternative potential option for patients who are unable to achieve the right balance of efficacy and tolerability with currently available antimuscarinic therapy for overactive bladder."
Antimuscarinics are not recommended for OAB patients with uncontrolled narrow-angle glaucoma because of their potential for mydriasis (prolonged dilatation of the pupil). Mydriasis may increase intraocular pressure (IOP).[3] Results of a Phase Ib study of 305 healthy volunteers presented at the EAU demonstrated that mirabegron 100mg was non-inferior to placebo with regard to effect on IOP. This was based on a non-inferiority margin of 1.5mmHg.[3] The adjusted mean change in IOP from baseline to day 56 was -0.3 mmHg for patients taking mirabegron and -0.2 mmHg for patients taking placebo [95% CI -0.4 to 0.3].[3] Clinically, these results demonstrate that mirabegron does not increase IOP after chronic administration in healthy volunteers over 8 weeks and supports the ocular safety and tolerability of mirabegron.[3]
Astellas Pharma Europe Ltd. is an established leader in urology in Europe, committed to improving the lives of patients with urological conditions. Its current urology portfolio includes treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and overactive bladder (OAB). With a strong emphasis on research and development, Astellas is dedicated to finding new treatments to meet unmet medical needs and has a number of treatments for urological conditions in late stage development. As part of its ongoing commitment to the field, Astellas also provides and supports a wide range of educational opportunities for those working in the field of urology, designed to progress professional expertise and improve patient outcomes.
The results, presented for the first time at the 27th annual congress of the European Association of Urology (EAU) in Paris demonstrate:
- Efficacy and tolerability of mirabegron in patients who have previously discontinued antimuscarinics - the current standard of care for OAB - Safety and efficacy of mirabegron in OAB patients over a 1 year period - Ocular safety of mirabegron with chronic use
In a sub-group, post-hoc analysis of the Phase III European-Australian trial, patients were randomised to mirabegron 50 or 100mg, tolterodine ER 4mg (a licenced antimuscarinic therapy) or placebo. Mirabegron was found to be effective in reducing the mean number of incontinence episodes/24 hours and micturitions/24 hours in antimuscarinic-naive patients as well as those who had discontinued prior antimuscarinic therapy, regardless of the reason for discontinuation. However, in patients who had discontinued prior antimuscarinic therapy due to lack of efficacy, only mirabegron demonstrated improvement in OAB symptoms - efficacy of tolterodine ER 4mg was similar to placebo.[1] For more information on the data, please see the 'notes to editors' section later in this release.
The results of a large physician / patient survey also presented at the EAU support the findings that mirabegron could be an important development for patients who have failed on previous antimuscarinic therapy due to lack of treatment response. In this survey of 519 physicians, (regarding 5,316 patients), pooled data across France, Germany, Spain and the UK found that the most common reason for switching antimuscarinics was lack of efficacy alone, accounting for 36% of 1,067 patients who switched therapy.[4]
"We have waited 30 years for a completely new mechanism of drug action to treat OAB," commented Dr Vik Khullar, head of the Department of Urogynaecology at St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and Principal Investigator of the European-Australian Phase III trial. "These results demonstrate that mirabegron can benefit many patients, but in particular, will offer hope to those patients who have discontinued antimuscarinic therapy due to lack of efficacy, who currently have no other treatment options."
As a first-in-class drug, long term safety and tolerability is important to establish. In a 12 month Phase III safety and tolerability study 2,444 patients were randomised to receive mirabegron 50mg, mirabegron 100mg or tolterodine ER 4mg. The study found that both mirabegron and tolterodine improved key symptoms of OAB, with improvements in efficacy from the first measured time point (month 1) and maintained throughout the one year treatment period. Overall reported adverse events were similar across all groups; mirabegron 50mg (59.7%), mirabegron 100mg (61.3%) and tolterodine ER 4mg (62.6%). However, the incidence of dry mouth, the most common and bothersome side effect associated with antimuscarinics, was considerably higher with tolterodine ER 4mg than with mirabegron 50mg or mirabegron 100mg (8.6%, 2.8% and 2.3% respectively).
"Dry mouth is a very common and troublesome side effect for patients on treatment with antimuscarinics, which often leads to problems with eating, speaking and general quality of life," commented Professor Christopher Chapple, Consultant Urological Surgeon at Sheffield Teaching Hospitals and Lead Investigator of the 12 month safety and tolerability study. "In fact, a number of patients find that this leads to them wishing to discontinue therapy. This study confirms that mirabegron, which represents a new class of oral agents, offers similar potential efficacy to an antimuscarinic, but without the same burden of dry mouth seen with antimuscarinics. This therefore provides an alternative potential option for patients who are unable to achieve the right balance of efficacy and tolerability with currently available antimuscarinic therapy for overactive bladder."
Antimuscarinics are not recommended for OAB patients with uncontrolled narrow-angle glaucoma because of their potential for mydriasis (prolonged dilatation of the pupil). Mydriasis may increase intraocular pressure (IOP).[3] Results of a Phase Ib study of 305 healthy volunteers presented at the EAU demonstrated that mirabegron 100mg was non-inferior to placebo with regard to effect on IOP. This was based on a non-inferiority margin of 1.5mmHg.[3] The adjusted mean change in IOP from baseline to day 56 was -0.3 mmHg for patients taking mirabegron and -0.2 mmHg for patients taking placebo [95% CI -0.4 to 0.3].[3] Clinically, these results demonstrate that mirabegron does not increase IOP after chronic administration in healthy volunteers over 8 weeks and supports the ocular safety and tolerability of mirabegron.[3]
Astellas Pharma Europe Ltd. is an established leader in urology in Europe, committed to improving the lives of patients with urological conditions. Its current urology portfolio includes treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and overactive bladder (OAB). With a strong emphasis on research and development, Astellas is dedicated to finding new treatments to meet unmet medical needs and has a number of treatments for urological conditions in late stage development. As part of its ongoing commitment to the field, Astellas also provides and supports a wide range of educational opportunities for those working in the field of urology, designed to progress professional expertise and improve patient outcomes.
Un fármaco pulmonar de Almirall logra el respaldo de las autoridades de EE UU
Almirall SA y Forest Laboratories Inc. han elaborado un fármaco experimental para ayudar a los pacientes con enfermedades pulmonares crónicas a respirar con más facilidad. Doce asesores de la entidad reguladora estadounidense votaron a favor de la eficacia del medicamento y tan solo dos mostraron reticencias sobre la recomendación del bromuro de aclidinio. Esta sustancia debe ser aplicada dos veces al día y reduce las complicaciones derivadas de las enfermedades pulmonares obstructivas crónicas.
Estas enfermedades, generalmente causadas por el tabaquismo, afectan a doce millones de estadounidenses y son la tercera causa principal de muerte en todo el país, según los Institutos Nacionales de Salud. "En esta población, donde la mitad de los pacientes siguen siendo fumadores y sufren enfermedades pulmonares graves, podemos mostrar lo que la medicación puede hacer", dijo Paul Greenberger, profesor de alergia e inmunología en la Universidad Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine de Chicago.
Forestal, con sede en Nueva York, subió un 1,1% en Wall Street, a 32,20 dólares, tras la publicación de la noticia.
Según los estudios, el medicamento inhalado mejora la función pulmonar y reduce síntomas tales como la dificultad para respirar, la sensación de pesadez en el pecho, el exceso de moco y la tos durante un máximo de 24 horas. Los riesgos cardíacos en los pacientes que tomen la dosis más alta de este fármaco podrían aumentar, aunque se realizarán estudios adicionales para confirmar la seguridad de esta medicación a largo plazo.
**Publicado en "EL PAIS"
Estas enfermedades, generalmente causadas por el tabaquismo, afectan a doce millones de estadounidenses y son la tercera causa principal de muerte en todo el país, según los Institutos Nacionales de Salud. "En esta población, donde la mitad de los pacientes siguen siendo fumadores y sufren enfermedades pulmonares graves, podemos mostrar lo que la medicación puede hacer", dijo Paul Greenberger, profesor de alergia e inmunología en la Universidad Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine de Chicago.
Forestal, con sede en Nueva York, subió un 1,1% en Wall Street, a 32,20 dólares, tras la publicación de la noticia.
Según los estudios, el medicamento inhalado mejora la función pulmonar y reduce síntomas tales como la dificultad para respirar, la sensación de pesadez en el pecho, el exceso de moco y la tos durante un máximo de 24 horas. Los riesgos cardíacos en los pacientes que tomen la dosis más alta de este fármaco podrían aumentar, aunque se realizarán estudios adicionales para confirmar la seguridad de esta medicación a largo plazo.
**Publicado en "EL PAIS"
Blood Mystery Solved: Two New Blood Types Identified
Yet this knowledge could be "a matter of life and death," says University of Vermont biologist Bryan Ballif.
While blood transfusion problems due to Langereis and Junior blood types are rare worldwide, several ethnic populations are at risk, Ballif notes. "More than 50,000 Japanese are thought to be Junior negative and may encounter blood transfusion problems or mother-fetus incompatibility," he writes.
But the molecular basis of these two blood types has remained a mystery -- until now.
In the February issue of Nature Genetics, Ballif and his colleagues report on their discovery of two proteins on red blood cells responsible for these lesser-known blood types.
Ballif identified the two molecules as specialized transport proteins named ABCB6 and ABCG2.
"Only 30 proteins have previously been identified as responsible for a basic blood type," Ballif notes, "but the count now reaches 32."
The last new blood group proteins to be discovered were nearly a decade ago, Ballif says, "so it's pretty remarkable to have two identified this year."
Both of the newly identified proteins are also associated with anticancer drug resistance, so the findings may also have implications for improved treatment of breast and other cancers.
As part of the international effort, Ballif, assistant professor in the biology department, used a mass spectrometer at UVM funded by the Vermont Genetics Network. With this machine, he analyzed proteins purified by his longtime collaborator, Lionel Arnaud at the French National Institute for Blood Transfusion in Paris, France.
Ballif and Arnaud, in turn, relied on antibodies to Langereis and Junior blood antigens developed by Yoshihiko Tani at the Japanese Red Cross Osaka Blood Center and Toru Miyasaki at the Japanese Red Cross Hokkaido Blood Center.
After the protein identification in Vermont, the work returned to France. There Arnaud and his team conducted cellular and genetic tests confirming that these proteins were responsible for the Langereis and Junior blood types. "He was able to test the gene sequence," Ballif says, "and, sure enough, we found mutations in this particular gene for all the people in our sample who have these problems."
-Transfusion troubles
Beyond the ABO blood type and the Rhesus (Rh) blood type, the International Blood Transfusion Society recognizes twenty-eight additional blood types with names like Duffy, Kidd, Diego and Lutheran. But Langereis and Junior have not been on this list. Although the antigens for the Junior and Langereis (or Lan) blood types were identified decades ago in pregnant women having difficulties carrying babies with incompatible blood types, the genetic basis of these antigens has been unknown until now.
Therefore, "very few people learn if they are Langereis or Junior positive or negative," Ballif says.
"Transfusion support of individuals with an anti-Lan antibody is highly challenging," the research team wrote in Nature Genetics, "partly because of the scarcity of compatible blood donors but mainly because of the lack of reliable reagents for blood screening." And Junior-negative blood donors are extremely rare too. That may soon change.
With the findings from this new research, health care professionals will now be able to more rapidly and confidently screen for these novel blood group proteins, Ballif wrote in a recent news article. "This will leave them better prepared to have blood ready when blood transfusions or other tissue donations are required," he notes.
"Now that we know these proteins, it will become a routine test," he says.
-A better match
This science may be especially important to organ transplant patients. "As we get better and better at transplants, we do everything we can to make a good match," Ballif says. But sometimes a tissue or organ transplant, that looked like a good match, doesn't work -- and the donated tissue is rejected, which can lead to many problems or death.
"We don't always know why there is rejection," Ballif says, "but it may have to do with these proteins."
The rejection of donated tissue or blood is caused by the way the immune system distinguishes self from not-self. "If our own blood cells don't have these proteins, they're not familiar to our immune system," Ballif says, so the new blood doesn't "look like self" to the complex cellular defenses of the immune system. "They'll develop antibodies against it," Ballif says, and try to kill off the perceived invaders. In short, the body starts to attack itself.
"Then you may be out of luck," says Ballif, who notes that in addition to certain Japanese populations, European Gypsies are also at higher risk for not carrying the Langereis and Junior blood type proteins.
"There are people in the United States who have these challenges too," he says, "but it's more rare."
-Other proteins
Ballif and his international colleagues are not done with their search. "We're following up on more unknown blood types," he says. "There are probably on the order of 10 to 15 more of these unknown blood type systems -- where we know there is a problem but we don't know what the protein is that is causing the problem."
Although these other blood systems are very rare, "if you're that one individual, and you need a transfusion," Ballif says, "there's nothing more important for you to know."
While blood transfusion problems due to Langereis and Junior blood types are rare worldwide, several ethnic populations are at risk, Ballif notes. "More than 50,000 Japanese are thought to be Junior negative and may encounter blood transfusion problems or mother-fetus incompatibility," he writes.
But the molecular basis of these two blood types has remained a mystery -- until now.
In the February issue of Nature Genetics, Ballif and his colleagues report on their discovery of two proteins on red blood cells responsible for these lesser-known blood types.
Ballif identified the two molecules as specialized transport proteins named ABCB6 and ABCG2.
"Only 30 proteins have previously been identified as responsible for a basic blood type," Ballif notes, "but the count now reaches 32."
The last new blood group proteins to be discovered were nearly a decade ago, Ballif says, "so it's pretty remarkable to have two identified this year."
Both of the newly identified proteins are also associated with anticancer drug resistance, so the findings may also have implications for improved treatment of breast and other cancers.
As part of the international effort, Ballif, assistant professor in the biology department, used a mass spectrometer at UVM funded by the Vermont Genetics Network. With this machine, he analyzed proteins purified by his longtime collaborator, Lionel Arnaud at the French National Institute for Blood Transfusion in Paris, France.
Ballif and Arnaud, in turn, relied on antibodies to Langereis and Junior blood antigens developed by Yoshihiko Tani at the Japanese Red Cross Osaka Blood Center and Toru Miyasaki at the Japanese Red Cross Hokkaido Blood Center.
After the protein identification in Vermont, the work returned to France. There Arnaud and his team conducted cellular and genetic tests confirming that these proteins were responsible for the Langereis and Junior blood types. "He was able to test the gene sequence," Ballif says, "and, sure enough, we found mutations in this particular gene for all the people in our sample who have these problems."
-Transfusion troubles
Beyond the ABO blood type and the Rhesus (Rh) blood type, the International Blood Transfusion Society recognizes twenty-eight additional blood types with names like Duffy, Kidd, Diego and Lutheran. But Langereis and Junior have not been on this list. Although the antigens for the Junior and Langereis (or Lan) blood types were identified decades ago in pregnant women having difficulties carrying babies with incompatible blood types, the genetic basis of these antigens has been unknown until now.
Therefore, "very few people learn if they are Langereis or Junior positive or negative," Ballif says.
"Transfusion support of individuals with an anti-Lan antibody is highly challenging," the research team wrote in Nature Genetics, "partly because of the scarcity of compatible blood donors but mainly because of the lack of reliable reagents for blood screening." And Junior-negative blood donors are extremely rare too. That may soon change.
With the findings from this new research, health care professionals will now be able to more rapidly and confidently screen for these novel blood group proteins, Ballif wrote in a recent news article. "This will leave them better prepared to have blood ready when blood transfusions or other tissue donations are required," he notes.
"Now that we know these proteins, it will become a routine test," he says.
-A better match
This science may be especially important to organ transplant patients. "As we get better and better at transplants, we do everything we can to make a good match," Ballif says. But sometimes a tissue or organ transplant, that looked like a good match, doesn't work -- and the donated tissue is rejected, which can lead to many problems or death.
"We don't always know why there is rejection," Ballif says, "but it may have to do with these proteins."
The rejection of donated tissue or blood is caused by the way the immune system distinguishes self from not-self. "If our own blood cells don't have these proteins, they're not familiar to our immune system," Ballif says, so the new blood doesn't "look like self" to the complex cellular defenses of the immune system. "They'll develop antibodies against it," Ballif says, and try to kill off the perceived invaders. In short, the body starts to attack itself.
"Then you may be out of luck," says Ballif, who notes that in addition to certain Japanese populations, European Gypsies are also at higher risk for not carrying the Langereis and Junior blood type proteins.
"There are people in the United States who have these challenges too," he says, "but it's more rare."
-Other proteins
Ballif and his international colleagues are not done with their search. "We're following up on more unknown blood types," he says. "There are probably on the order of 10 to 15 more of these unknown blood type systems -- where we know there is a problem but we don't know what the protein is that is causing the problem."
Although these other blood systems are very rare, "if you're that one individual, and you need a transfusion," Ballif says, "there's nothing more important for you to know."
Las mujeres sedentarias tienen una peor sexualidad que las activas
Si no se anima a hacer deporte para mejorar su estado físico y psíquico, prevenir las enfermedades cardiovasculares, la diabetes o la obesidad, tal vez el argumento que le propone ahora la ciencia le motive más: el sexo. No sólo la buena función sexual de los hombres depende del flujo sanguíneo en los genitales, también la de las mujeres. Los problemas sexuales de la mayoría de ellas con la excitación y la respuesta sexual se deben a un flujo insuficiente en el área genital.
Sin embargo, practicar ejercicio de forma regular puede contribuir, y mucho, a mejorar el flujo sanguíneo en el clítoris y potenciar así la función sexual femenina.
Omer Faruk Karatas, de la Universidad Faith, en Ankara (Turquía), es el autor principal de una investigación que lo confirma.
En declaraciones al ELMUNDO.es asevera: "Este es el primer estudio que compara a atletas de élite y mujeres sanas respecto a la función sexual y el flujo sanguíneo del clítoris. El objetivo era evaluar los efectos de practicar ejercicio de forma regular en ambos grupos".
El clítoris es un "órgano eréctil que contribuye significativamente a la función sexual, especialmente durante la excitación y las distintas fases del orgasmo. Las medidas de su flujo sanguíneo con ultrasonido doppler (técnica especial que evalúa la circulación de la sangre a través de los vasos sanguíneos) se están llevando a cabo frecuentemente con el fin de establecer la función o la disfunción sexual femenina, por ejemplo tras el consumo de medicación o de una cirugía de genitales", declara el director del ensayo.
Pruebas de ultrasonido
Por este motivo, los científicos llevaron a cabo la prueba en 25 jugadoras de balonmano y voleibol de entre 20 y 45 años, sexualmente activas, que practicaban ejercicio regular (un mínimo de cuatro horas al día). A todas ellas las compararon con otras tantas mujeres sanas, con la misma media de edad, que realizaban dos horas de deporte a la semana, según publica 'Journal of Sexual Medicine' .
**publicado en "EL MUNDO"
Sin embargo, practicar ejercicio de forma regular puede contribuir, y mucho, a mejorar el flujo sanguíneo en el clítoris y potenciar así la función sexual femenina.
Omer Faruk Karatas, de la Universidad Faith, en Ankara (Turquía), es el autor principal de una investigación que lo confirma.
En declaraciones al ELMUNDO.es asevera: "Este es el primer estudio que compara a atletas de élite y mujeres sanas respecto a la función sexual y el flujo sanguíneo del clítoris. El objetivo era evaluar los efectos de practicar ejercicio de forma regular en ambos grupos".
El clítoris es un "órgano eréctil que contribuye significativamente a la función sexual, especialmente durante la excitación y las distintas fases del orgasmo. Las medidas de su flujo sanguíneo con ultrasonido doppler (técnica especial que evalúa la circulación de la sangre a través de los vasos sanguíneos) se están llevando a cabo frecuentemente con el fin de establecer la función o la disfunción sexual femenina, por ejemplo tras el consumo de medicación o de una cirugía de genitales", declara el director del ensayo.
Pruebas de ultrasonido
Por este motivo, los científicos llevaron a cabo la prueba en 25 jugadoras de balonmano y voleibol de entre 20 y 45 años, sexualmente activas, que practicaban ejercicio regular (un mínimo de cuatro horas al día). A todas ellas las compararon con otras tantas mujeres sanas, con la misma media de edad, que realizaban dos horas de deporte a la semana, según publica 'Journal of Sexual Medicine' .
**publicado en "EL MUNDO"
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