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04 October 2021

Depression history written in the reactions of the brain

 


Scientists have found that the more severely patients have been hit by depression across their lifespan, the less they react emotionally to negative faces during current depression.  The researchers are now working to understand if this means that serious depression changes the way the brain reacts to emotion over time, or if people with stronger emotional responses to negative faces are less vulnerable to long-term depression. Either may have implications for future patient care. This work is presented at the ECNP conference in Lisbon, after recent publication.

Depression is a major mental health burden, but the direct effect on brain activity is only just beginning to be understood. The brains of depressed patients normally show greater activity in certain areas than those of non-depressed healthy people. Now a group of German scientists have discovered that, while still greater than in non-depressed people, brain activity of patients who are currently depressed and have suffered with prolonged and severe depression is lower than that of patients with less severe and prolonged depression. No specific relation is found between brain activity and previous depression in patients where the depression is no longer present.

The researchers worked with 201 seriously depressed patients and 161 patients who had come out of the period of depression (remitted). Each patient was questioned about the duration and extent of their previous depression, which allowed the researchers to build a tailored depression history.  Then during the study, each patient was placed in an MRI scanner, and brain changes were monitored while the patients viewed a series of unsettling images – fearful or angry faces.

Lead researcher Hannah Lemke (University of Münster) said:

“We saw that the unsettling images of negative faces caused activity in certain areas of the brain, mostly the amygdala, parahippocampus PHG and Insula, which are areas where emotions are processed. However the extent of the brain activity was different according to the severity and duration of the depression the patient had already suffered. Those patients where the depression had remitted showed a certain level of activity, but those patients where the depression was current exhibited a reduced activity in these brain areas. This differed for each patient, but in general the more severe the depression history, the less responsive their brains were to the photographs”.

Hannah Lemke continued:
“In those patients where the depression had remitted the brain response was not related to the previous depression history, which may indicate the importance of disease remission to brain health.
Interpreting this needs more work. It’s tempting to think that reduced brain activity is a way the brain copes emotionally with long-term depression, and that maybe the first episode of depression was qualitatively different to the current episode. It seems that underlying brain activity related to the emotional information of serious depression may change over the course of the disease. 

But we also need to consider alternative explanations, for example, it may be that people who process emotions in a certain way are more vulnerable to long-term depression. In either case, we are looking at different faces of depression, with different effects and different outcomes. And perhaps future treatment will need to take this into consideration.

This is a big study, so we can be fairly confident in what we have found. Nevertheless, we now need longitudinal studies, where individual depressed patients are followed over a period of years to see how their brain response changes”.


Commenting, Dr Carmine Pariante, Professor of Biological Psychiatry at King’s College London, said:

“This study confirms how profoundly the brain of patients is affected by major depression. A number of mechanisms can explain these findings, all relevant to the further understanding of depression, as this biological signature could be either a risk factor for, or a consequence of, more severe and chronic depression. Moreover, future studies should clarify if these effects are driven more by the maximum severity of depression, the chronicity of depression, or the exposure to antidepressants; and clarify the molecular mechanisms underpinning these functional changes”.

The 34th ECNP Annual conference takes place in Lisbon and online from 2-5 October, see https://www.ecnp.eu/Congress2021/ECNPcongress . The European College of Neuropsychopharmacology is Europe’s main organisation working in applied neuroscience.

This press release includes work which appeared in Biological Psychiatry:CNNI, June 2021. see https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2451902221001488?via%3Dihub  


Orliman presenta el primer corsé ortopédico fabricado con tecnología 3D

  

 




  Orliman, empresa española de Grupo Cinfa referente en el desarrollo de soluciones de ortopedia con más de 25 años de experiencia en investigación, desarrollo y fabricación de dispositivos ortopédicos, ha lanzado la nueva línea ERGOTEC 3D®, donde se incluye el primer corsé ortopédico (ortesis) desarrollado con tecnología 3D. Con la presentación de este nuevo dispositivo, Orliman marca un hito en el sector de la ortopedia abriendo un nuevo campo en el futuro de esta especialidad, tanto en el tratamiento de lesiones como en su rehabilitación.


Esta nueva línea supone una aplicación pionera del uso del 3D en la fabricación de ortesis. De este modo, podemos personalizar al máximo los diseños, con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes con lesiones óseas, musculares o ligamentosas, así como de personas con deformidades vertebrales. Mediante el diseño y la impresión en tres dimensiones, se simula el efecto que tendrá el dispositivo en el propio paciente antes de fabricarlo, evaluando si la corrección de los aspectos funcionales o estructurales del sistema neuromuscular será la adecuada o si, por el contrario, será necesario modificar las zonas de presión previo a su colocación.



Un proceso de fabricación en tres fases


La fabricación del corsé ortopédico en 3D consta de varias fases: primeramente, se lleva a cabo la digitalización del paciente, mediante el escaneo de la extremidad afectada. En la segunda fase, se realiza el diseño de la ortesis. La combinación de la experiencia médica, algoritmos propios y la incorporación de las últimas tecnologías permite la modelación en 3D del dispositivo a medida.


El proceso concluye con la impresión en tres dimensiones de la ortesis personalizada a través de impresoras de alto rendimiento, que hacen posible el diseño y la fabricación personalizada.


El resultado de este proceso son dispositivos más cómodos, ligeros e higiénicos, que aseguran una mayor aceptación por parte del paciente, garantizando la finalización de los tratamientos. Además, el uso de la tecnología 3D permite acortar los tiempos de fabricación.



Material innovador en el mundo de la ortopedia


El material con el que se imprime esta nueva línea también supone una innovación en el mundo de la ortopedia. Se trata de un material sintético, Singufil®, que permite una alta resolución de impresión. Además, presenta una elevada resistencia a los golpes, siendo capaz de conseguir al mismo tiempo rigidez y flexibilidad, pero sin perder la función prevista para su uso.


Este innovador material tiene el certificado de no toxicidad, está testado para el contacto prolongado sin causar irritación dérmica, es resistente al agua, lavable y aporta un mayor confort para el paciente que los materiales disponibles hasta ahora.



 

Los datos de Novartis muestran que la consecución del control completo de la urticaria crónica espontánea (UCE) mejora la calidad de vida global, según reportan los pacientes

 

Novartis, líder en inmunodermatología y reumatología, ha anunciado un nuevo análisis de un estudio de Fase IIb que demuestra la importancia de lograr un control completo de los síntomas de la urticaria crónica espontánea (UCE) para mejorar la calidad de vida global relacionada con la salud (CdVRS) en los pacientes. El control completo de los síntomas aporta un enorme beneficio a las personas con UCE y está asociado a mejoras en los indicadores clave de la CdVRS, como la calidad de vida global, los trastornos del sueño, la interferencia en la actividad y el deterioro laboral. Hay una marcada disminución en estas mejoras en la calidad de vida, incluso cuando los pacientes padecen síntomas leves de UCE.

El control completo de los síntomas de la UCE, se evaluó mediante una combinación de resultados reportados por el paciente y se demostró que es más probable que se logre y mantenga con ligelizumab que con Xolair® (omalizumab) o placebo. Estos datos fueron presentados en el 30º Congreso Anual de la Academia Europea de Dermatología y Venereología (EADV, por sus siglas en inglés).

 

La UCE es una enfermedad dermatológica grave e impredecible que afecta en algún momento hasta al 1% de la población mundial . En comparación con la población general, los pacientes con UCE presentan el doble de probabilidades de experimentar dificultad para dormir, ansiedad, angustia y depresión. Muchas personas con UCE no logran alcanzar el control completo de los signos y síntomas a pesar de recibir el estándar de tratamiento actual (antihistamínicos y/u omalizumab) .

 

Los datos muestran una mayor probabilidad de que ligelizumab proporcionara un control completo de los síntomas de la UCE que omalizumab cuando se evaluó mediante una combinación de resultados reportados por el paciente. Se consideró que un paciente libre de signos y síntomas de urticaria con puntuación de la severidad de las ronchas concurrente (HSS7) = 0, la puntuación de la severidad del prurito (ISS7) = 0 y la puntuación de la actividad del angioedema (AAS7) = 0 presentaba una UCE completamente controlada. El índice de calidad de vida en dermatología (DLQI) = 0-1 concurrente indica que un paciente se encuentra libre de UCE:

 

·       En la semana 12, el porcentaje de pacientes que mostraron UCE completamente controlada fue del 44,1% con ligelizumab 72 mg (P = 0,007 en comparación con omalizumab y P =0,003 en comparación con el placebo), del 40,0% con ligelizumab 240 mg (P = 0,025 en comparación con omalizumab y P =0,004 en comparación con el placebo) y del 23,5% con omalizumab (P = 0,021 en comparación con el placebo) y del 0,0% con placebo. El porcentaje de pacientes libres de UCE fue del 38,1% con ligelizumab 72 mg (P = 0,008 en comparación con omalizumab y P =0,006 en comparación con el placebo), del 35,3% con ligelizumab 240 mg (P = 0,020 en comparación con omalizumab y P = 0,007 en comparación con el placebo) y del 18,8% con omalizumab (P = 0,035 en comparación con el placebo) y del 0,0% con placebo.

·       En la semana 20, el porcentaje de pacientes con UCE completamente controlada fue del 33,3%, 34,1%, 25,9% y 4,7%, y para los pacientes libres de UCE fue del 32,1%, 31,8%, 23,5% y 4,7% con ligelizumab 72 mg, ligelizumab 240 mg , omalizumab y placebo, respectivamente.

·       Durante el período de seguimiento sin tratamiento, en la semana 28, el porcentaje de pacientes que permanecieron libres de UCE con ligelizumab 72 mg, ligelizumab 240 mg, omalizumab y placebo fue del 22,8%, 25,0%, 5,3% y 4,9%, respectivamente.

 

"Novartis está comprometida con el descubrimiento y desarrollo de medicamentos que puedan aliviar la carga de enfermedades inmunodermatológicas, que afectan a más de 100 millones de personas en todo el mundo", ha comentado Angelika Jahreis MD, PhD, directora global de desarrollo de la Unidad de Inmunología, Hepatología y Dermatología de Novartis. “Estos resultados de Fase II son prometedores, ya que hablan de los beneficios del control de los síntomas según los datos reportados directamente por los pacientes. Esto es particularmente revelador, ya que sabemos que los métodos establecidos para evaluar el impacto de la enfermedad, como la puntuación de la actividad de la urticaria de 7 días (UAS7), a veces puede fallar al momento de capturar la experiencia completa de un paciente que vive con UCE".

 

Novartis también presentará los datos más recientes de Fase II de remibrutinib en UCE, que muestran que las múltiples dosis proporcionan mejoras significativas con respecto a la basal, en comparación con el placebo, con un perfil de seguridad favorable en todo el rango de dosificación. Remibrutinib se está investigando como un posible tratamiento oral en una serie de enfermedades inmunomediadas.

El 78% de los pacientes españoles está interesado en conocer dónde se fabrican sus medicamentos

La pandemia ocasionada por la COVID-19 ha despertado un mayor interés en los pacientes sobre la importancia de fabricar los medicamentos en Europa. Según el estudio MANUFACTURING RESILENCE elaborado por TEVA, al 78% de los pacientes españoles le gustaría saber dónde se fabrican sus medicamentos, dado que la crisis sanitaria ha puesto de manifiesto la debilidad europea ante la gran concentración de producción de medicamentos esenciales en el extranjero.

 

En concreto, este estudio interrogó a 3.000 pacientes mayores de 25 años procedentes de Francia, Alemania, Países Bajos, España, Croacia y República Checa. Todos los participantes son pacientes crónicos con una o más patologías, como enfermedad de Alzheimer, artritis, asma, cáncer, enfermedades cardiovasculares, EPOC, depresión, diabetes, enfermedades cardíacas o migraña, que requieren medicación regular.

 

Los datos están extraídos, por tanto, de la opinión de personas que dependen de medicación habitual para enfermedades crónicas. A la gran mayoría de ellos, el 87%, les gustaría que el gobierno apoye las inversiones para asegurar las capacidades de fabricación de medicamentos nacional. Del mismo modo, el 81% de los pacientes cree que es importante saber que la fabricación de medicamentos en Europa es tan competitiva como en el resto del mundo.

 

Estas conclusiones apuntan a una creciente preocupación, a raíz de la pandemia, por tener garantizadas la seguridad y el acceso de medicamentos vitales. Sin embargo, los datos son alentadores puesto que el 70% de los encuestados cree que la industria farmacéutica en Europa está capacitada para garantizar la estabilidad y fiabilidad del suministro constante de medicamentos.

 

Para Rafael Borràs, director de Relaciones Institucionales y comunicación del grupo TEVA: “La reciente crisis sanitaria ha sido una llamada de atención ante el creciente desequilibrio de la cadena farmacéutica mundial. La dependencia de Europa del mercado extranjero para recibir principios activo se ha visto reflejado con el cierre de fábricas y fronteras”.

 

Por su parte, Juan Carlos Conde, director general de TEVA España asegura que: “Desde la planta de Zaragoza de TEVA ponemos todos nuestros esfuerzos en adaptarnos a las nuevas realidades de forma competitiva y posicionándonos geopolíticamente para garantizar el acceso a nuestros pacientes a su botiquín de medicamentos. En la actualidad, se fabrican 30 moléculas y 1.600 presentaciones diferentes y 220 millones de unidades anuales de producto terminado para distribuir a farmacias y hospitales en nuestro centro de producción nacional”.

 

Impulso económico tras la pandemia

 

En el estudio también se recoge que los pacientes consideran el sector farmacéutico como crucial para impulsar la recuperación económica tras la pandemia. En concreto, el 69% menciona que la creación de empleo y el apoyo de la economía local es el principal beneficio para promover la fabricación de medicamentos en Europa, seguido de cerca por el deseo de tener un mejor acceso a los medicamentos esenciales y reducir la dependencia del suministro en el extranjero (58%).

 

 

Preocupación por una fabricación de medicamentos más ecológica

 

Un porcentaje alto de los encuestados españoles, un 81%, esto es 16 puntos más que la media europea, se muestra interesado en que sus medicamentos se fabriquen de forma sostenible para el medio ambiente.

 

Además, casi el total de los pacientes, el 84%, valoran que la fabricación de medicamentos se realice en Europa para reducir el uso de transporte y a su vez protegerla huella medioambiental.

 

03 October 2021

Scientists find protein which indicates whether memories can be changed

 


Researchers have discovered that a particular protein can be used as a brain marker to indicate whether emotional memories can be changed or forgotten. This is a study in animals, but the researchers hope that the findings will eventually allow people suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) to return to leading a more balanced life. This work is presented at the ECNP Conference in Lisbon.

Scientists know that long-term memories can broadly be divided into two types: fact-based memory, where we can recall such things as names, places, events, etc., and a sort of instinctive memory where we remember such things as emotions and skills. Scientists have come to believe that these emotional memories can be modified, so perhaps allowing the trauma underlying PTSD to be treated. In 2004 some ground-breaking work by scientists in New York* showed that if animals were treated with the beta-blocker propranolol, this allowed them to forget a learned trauma. However, the results have sometimes been difficult to reproduce, leading to doubts about whether the memories were modifiable at all.

Now scientists at Cambridge University have shown that the presence of a particular protein – the “shank” protein, which acts as a scaffold for the receptors that determine the strength of connections between neurons - determines whether the memories can be modified in animals treated with propranolol. If this protein is degraded, then memories become modifiable**. However, if this protein is found to be present, then this shows that the memories were not degradable, so explaining why propranolol does not always produce amnesia.

Lead researcher, Dr Amy Milton said:

“We trained rats to associate a clicker with a mild electric footshock, to create a fear memory, similar to the way Pavlov conditioned dogs more than a hundred years ago. We then reminded the rats of this memory (‘reactivated the memory’) by introducing the clicker on its own, and immediately after this reminder we gave an injection of the beta-blocker propranolol. However, we did not see the amnesia that had been previously reported in the literature following this intervention. We then used the presence of the shank protein to determine whether the memories had become unstable in the first place, and found that they had not.  

This means that the shank protein can be used a biomarker for a malleable memory. We don’t yet know if it’s directly involved in the memory degradation, or if it’s a by-product of a deeper reaction. What it does do is give us a way in, a key to one of the first doors in understanding the biochemistry of memory.

These are really complex mechanisms, and we need to bear in mind that this is animal work; the brains of humans are similar, but much more complex. We don’t see this leading to the sort of situation shown in the movies, like for example “Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind”, where the protagonists can choose which memories to erase. But we hope that over time we will be able to identify the factors that make memories modifiable in animals and translate these to human patients. Ultimately, we hope to lessen the unconscious impact of traumatic emotional memories, the sort of trauma which can ruin the lives of people with PTSD. In ancient Greek legend they spoke of a drug, Nepenthe, which made them forget painful memories. We hope that this is a step on the path to treatment”.

Commenting, Dr Livia de Picker, University of Antwerp, said:

“This is interesting work. Unpicking what makes a memory is extremely difficult, and this work takes us a step nearer to understanding how memories are retained and changed. There is a long way to go in this process, and of course transferring these steps to humans will be difficult. But this does give us some hope that eventually we may be able to help people who suffer from memories of traumatic stress”.

Dr De Picker was not involved in this work; this is an independent comment,

*Debiec & LeDoux, 2004
**See Lee et al., 2008, DOI: 10.1126/science.1150541

This work is presented at the 34th ECNP Annual conference, which takes place in Lisbon and online from 2-5 October, see https://www.ecnp.eu/Congress2021/ECNPcongress . The European College of Neuropsychopharmacology is Europe’s main organisation working in applied neuroscience.

 

02 October 2021

European College of Neuropsychopharmacology: Fast driver, fast life: genetics and everyday behaviour reflected in risky driving

  



A new long-term psychological study of drivers has found an association between driving convictions, accidents and everyday behaviour such as eating junk food or alcohol consumption. The researchers have also uncovered evidence that this relationship is associated with genetic variation in serotonin metabolism – the same neurotransmitter targeted by many antidepressants. This suggests that risky behaviour in driving and in life may have a common psychological basis.

In an innovative study, researchers from Professor Jaanus Harro’s team at the University of Tartu (Estonia) combined psychological, genetic, and biochemical data from the unique Estonian Psychobiological Study of Traffic Behaviour with police and insurance records  

817 drivers (49.2% male, 50.8% female) participated in the study. Over a period of time they completed questionnaires to measure such factors as impulsivity and aggression: in addition, they underwent a series of blood tests and genetic analysis. Linking these results to the police and insurance databases the researchers began to uncover some of the links associated with risky driving. Presenting their findings to the ECNP Conference in Lisbon, they report that 137 drivers who had been cautioned for exceeding the speed limits tended to have faster reaction times, but that they also scored higher on physical and verbal aggression, undertaking more strenuous physical activity, and had higher consumption of junk foods (including energy drinks).

According to lead researcher Tõnis Tokko:

“We were able to pick out lots of associations between everyday risk taking and risky driving. For example we found that subjects who drink energy drinks at least once a week were twice as likely to speed as those who didn’t drink energy drinks as often. We think the energy drink consumption may be a related to a need for excitement, rather than the drinks themselves being a direct cause of traffic violations; the drivers’ underlying psychological makeup may lead them both to speed, and to want to consume more energy drinks or junk food. Similarly, our psychological tests showed us that those with fast decision making skills were 11% more likely to speed, and those with higher excitement seeking were 13% more likely to speed”.

 He continued:

“Driving history is an excellent platform to study behavioural regulation; most people drive, and driving convictions or accidents are objective records - they remain in databases. We found that significant associations exist between risky traffic behaviour and a range of lifestyle behaviours, such as undertaking strenuous exercise, alcohol consumption, or junk food and energy drink consumption.
 
The researchers also looked at genetic traits in the volunteer drivers.  They found that certain variants of a gene which controls serotonin transport (the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism) were associated with risky driving. Serotonin is the neurotransmitter which is thought to be involved in depression, and which is also regulated by many antidepressant drugs. “We found that certain gene variants are associated with risk-taking behaviour in both driving and in other areas of life; but this is an early finding and still needs to be confirmed” said Tõnis Tokko.

The Estonian Psychobiological Study of Traffic Behaviour is a long-term study that started collecting data in 2001 – it is believed to be the world’s only long-term study to follow drivers while considering psychology, and the related biology. Initially it aimed to identify behaviour patterns of drunk drivers and speeding drivers to try to prevent these behaviours, but it has since expanded to consider other factors.
 
Tõnis Tokko said “We are able to follow various driving-related factors over a period of years, including psychological behaviour, blood tests to understand biological changes, and genetics. We also have a firm idea of which of these drivers have committed traffic violations or have been in accidents. We believe this to be a unique system. This study shows that people who are reckless in traffic also tend to take chances in other areas of life, and our research shows that there may be a biological tendency to this behaviour”.
 
Dr Oliver Grimm, senior psychiatrist at the University Clinic Frankfurt, commented:
“This study is very interesting, as it is already known from large registry studies that ADHD and traffic accidents are more common in adults. This specific study from Estonia now helps to better understand how this accident-prone group is constituted from both the genetic risk and personality traits.”

Professor Oliver Howes, Professor of Molecular Psychiatry at King’s College, London, said:
“This study adds to other work showing that psychological and biological traits are linked to how people behave in the world. It's important to recognise that the associations don't mean that one leads to the other"

These are independent comments; neither Dr Grimm nor Professor Howes were  involved in this work.

This work is presented at the 34th ECNP Annual conference, which takes place in Lisbon and online from 2-5 October. See https://www.ecnp.eu/Congress2021/ECNPcongress . The European College of Neuropsychopharmacology is Europe’s main organisation working in applied neuroscience.

 
 
 

El Hospital Regional de Málaga e Ibima lideran un estudio piloto para detectar la atrofia muscular espinal y otras enfermedades raras en recién nacidos

 


 

 

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