Actualmente, junto al consumo de alimentos naturales, como pueden ser las hortalizas y las frutas, ingerimos productos elaborados o procesados en cantidades relativamente importantes. La función principal del procesado de los alimentos es disminuir su carga microbiana, aumentando en consecuencia la seguridad de su consumo, así como hacerlos más fácilmente digestibles y, en muchas ocasiones, contribuir a la mejora de sus características organolépticas. Así lo ha manifestado el Prof. Ángel Gil, Presidente de la Fundación Iberoamericana de Nutrición (FINUT), durante el III Curso de Verano la Fundación Iberoamericana de Nutrición (FINUT), que se celebra estos días en Granada.
Sin embargo, el Presidente de FINUT añade que “existen otros muchos alimentos en particular platos y productos listos para el consumo, que sufren elaboraciones complejas en las que se incluyen aditivos de naturaleza diversa. A estos alimentos se les ha empezado a denominar "ultraprocesados"”.
Tanto los alimentos procesados industrialmente como los procesados en el hogar son sometidos a la acción de diferentes agentes físicos, especialmente temperatura (refrigeración, congelación, cocción, fritura, etc.).
En este sentido, el Prof. Gil señala que “los tratamientos tecnológicos tienen una influencia importante sobre su valor nutritivo, y resulta necesario optimizarlos para minimizar las pérdidas, especialmente de vitaminas, e impedir la aparición de sustancias potencialmente tóxicas”.
Durante la jornada, los expertos reunidos han abordado, entre otros temas, el valor nutritivo de los distintos grupos de alimentos, las nuevas guías alimentarias estadounidenses y españolas y la información alimentaria al consumidor, etc.
-Información alimentaria al consumidor, un paso esencial para los consumidores
Con motivo de la entrada en vigor del Reglamento 1169/2011 sobre información alimentaria al consumidor, la Dra. María Dolores Ruiz, miembro del comité científico de FINUT, explica que es obligatorio informar de la presencia de alérgenos no sólo en la etiqueta del alimento envasado sino también en los no envasados.
“El etiquetado ha de contener aproximadamente una docena de indicaciones que van, desde el nombre común del alimento, hasta la información nutricional, que normalmente suele ser la que más cuesta entender (valor energético y nutrientes)”, señala la Dra. Ruiz.
Asimismo, añade que: “La entrada en vigor del Reglamento sobre información alimentaria dirigida a los consumidores es un paso importante ya que permite que el consumidor tenga plena libertad y conocimiento para elegir los alimentos”.
-Efectos beneficios para la salud de la práctica regular de actividad física
Asimismo, los expertos reunidos en el curso señalan que existe una sólida evidencia científica acerca de los efectos beneficiosos para la salud de la práctica regular de actividad física de intensidad moderada a vigorosa en población adulta. “Está comprobado que favorece la disminución del riesgo ante ciertas patologías, como el cáncer o enfermedades cardíacas. Pero esto requiere de años de participación en programas de actividad física regular”, explica el profesor Jonathan Ruiz, investigador Ramón y Cajal en la Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte de la Universidad de Granada.
Uno de los aspectos más destacados ha sido la evidencia científica de los beneficios de la actividad física a nivel cardiovascular y psicológico cuando se practica de forma esporádica, así como cuando se practica de forma regular; y los efectos de realizar actividad física en exceso, “esto es, hacer más de 7 sesiones a la semana o correr más de 150 km a la semana”, detallan los expertos.
Desde FINUT subrayan que hay que tener en cuenta el tipo de actividad, su frecuencia, duración e intensidad, la capacidad y circunstancias de cada persona, por lo que el especialista en la planificación debe ser una persona cualificada para ello, un graduado en Ciencias del Deporte.
Por otro lado, existen una serie de beneficios derivados de la actividad física que son notables en meses o semanas como son mejor respuesta cardiovascular general, incremento de la masa muscular, un descenso de la tensión arterial o una disminución de la depresión y niveles de ansiedad. En este sentido, el experto resalta que está demostrado que los efectos beneficiosos de la actividad física siempre existen independientemente del género o de la edad.
A pesar de todas estas indicaciones positivas, hay estudios que indican que los llamados ‘guerreros de fines de semana’, aquellos que hacen 2-3 horas de ejercicio un día a la semana a una intensidad a la que no están adaptados, tiene efectos negativos sobre el perfil lipídico, así como sobre el riesgo de desarrollar un infarto de miocardio o un accidente cerebro-vascular. En este sentido, el profesor Ruiz deja claro que el abuso del ejercicio físico, también llamado sobre-entrenamiento, puede tener diversos efectos negativos: manifestaciones fisiológicas, psicológicas, inmunológicas y bioquímicas. “Si se hace ejercicio una vez a la semana, es conveniente que este ejercicio no sea extenuante, ni de alta intensidad, sino que se realice a una intensidad moderada”, explica el experto.
Otro de los aspectos abordados durante el curso de verano de FINUT, ha sido la comunicación con los pacientes que tienen obesidad. Los expertos destacan que la entrevista clínica tradicional no suele funcionar bien para cambiar estilos de vida, y que es necesario implicar al propio paciente en su proceso de cambio acompañándolo en el aspecto emocional, transformando la relación terapéutica en una alianza.
Diario digital con noticias de actualidad relacionadas con el mundo de la salud. Novedades, encuestas, estudios, informes, entrevistas. Con un sencillo lenguaje dirigido a todo el mundo. Y algunos consejos turísticos para pasarlo bien
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15 July 2016
Zika experts: varied neurological complications, virus still detectable after recovery
The International Congress on Neuromuscular Diseases (ICND) just drew to an end in Toronto. Among the many questions addressed there were these: How diverse can the neurological complications after a Zika infection be? How long does the virus survive in the body? How is the spread of the infection developing world-wide.
Too early for the all clear even outside areas affected by the epidemic – monitoring and control
Prof John England, Chair of the Department of Neurology at the LSUHSC School of Medicine in New Orleans and chair of a special Working Group on Zika of the World Federation of Neurology, said the good news is this: “Until now, we have not observed any Zika infection being transmitted by mosquitoes in Europe and North America. The Zika cases that have become known in these parts of the world were largely imported; in other words, the patients were infected in areas hit by the Zika epidemic. They can then pass the virus on to others.”
According to Prof England it is, however, not time to send the all clear: “We need continued close-knit monitoring to curb the spread of the infection to the greatest possible extent. All countries should take measures to ensure that imported Zika infections can be detected as quickly as possible. In this context, we welcome the trend in many countries toward establishing a duty to report detected cases. The public health authorities should also provide thorough information to travellers heading toward the affected regions – especially in light of the many athletes and tourists who will soon be taking part in and attending the Olympic Games in Brazil. The information should also cover the risk of sexual transmission.”
All countries where infection can be transmitted by mosquitoes should take actions to control these insects. This statement applies to all areas where Aedes Aegyptus mosquitoes occur as well as Aedes Albopictus mosquitoes, which are also much more widely spread in Europe.
New research results - virus detectable in the body for a long period
Research has intensified in the course of the Zika crisis and keeps bringing new findings to light. These findings pertain not only to the serious malformations in new-borns whose mothers sustained a Zika infection while pregnant with them such as microcephaly, which is quite widely known in the meantime. They also pertain to other serious neurological complications from the infection such as Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS).
“Newer data from Brazil confirms what previous studies have already shown. Contact with the Zika virus massively increases the risk of contracting GBS,” Brazilian expert Prof Osvaldo Nascimento from Universidade Federal Fluminense in Rio de Janiero and member of the WFN Working Group reported in Toronto. “In addition, the current studies that we are conducting in our specialized research groups in Brazil show that the clinical picture of GBS resulting from Zika infection is by no means uniform; many different subgroups can be observed. For instance, some patients exhibit massive processes while in others, GBS occurs jointly with sensory polyneuropathy, with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis or with myelitis. These phenomena have not yet been decrypted and will continue to be the subject of further studies.”
Research has intensified in the course of the Zika crisis and keeps bringing new findings to light. These findings pertain not only to the serious malformations in new-borns whose mothers sustained a Zika infection while pregnant with them such as microcephaly, which is quite widely known in the meantime. They also pertain to other serious neurological complications from the infection such as Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS).
“Newer data from Brazil confirms what previous studies have already shown. Contact with the Zika virus massively increases the risk of contracting GBS,” Brazilian expert Prof Osvaldo Nascimento from Universidade Federal Fluminense in Rio de Janiero and member of the WFN Working Group reported in Toronto. “In addition, the current studies that we are conducting in our specialized research groups in Brazil show that the clinical picture of GBS resulting from Zika infection is by no means uniform; many different subgroups can be observed. For instance, some patients exhibit massive processes while in others, GBS occurs jointly with sensory polyneuropathy, with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis or with myelitis. These phenomena have not yet been decrypted and will continue to be the subject of further studies.”
According to Prof Osvaldo, the consequences of another finding will also have to be studied in detail. As it turns out, the virus can still be detected in the spinal cord in many GBS patients even months after their recovery. “This may be akin to a similar phenomenon such as Herpes Zoster, where the virus lies more or less dormant in the body for many years and then becomes active again under certain circumstances such as stress or a weakening of the immune system and unleashes serious symptoms. Further research will have to examine what significance this fact has for another breakout of the Zika infection or the passing on of Zika viruses to other persons.”
Current WHO statistics reported an ongoing transmission of infections by mosquitoes in 65 countries and territories by the reference date of 7 July 2016. Eleven countries including Germany, France and Spain have reported human-to-human transmissions with a high probability that these transmissions were sexual. Microcephaly and other malformations of foetuses that can be connected to a Zika infection have been recorded already in 13 countries; in May they had occurred in only eight countries. In 15 countries, there has been a striking increase in the number of cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) or confirmed infections among GBS sufferers.
The WHO and the Pan American Health Organisation PAHO recently published recommendations for athletes and visitors going to the Olympic Games. These individuals should consistently protect themselves against mosquito bites by wearing suitable clothing and using insect repellent. It is also important that these individuals refrain from sex or have only protected sex during their stay in Brazil and for at least eight weeks thereafter. Pregnant women are still advised not to travel to the affected areas, in other words, not to Rio de Janeiro either.
Current WHO statistics reported an ongoing transmission of infections by mosquitoes in 65 countries and territories by the reference date of 7 July 2016. Eleven countries including Germany, France and Spain have reported human-to-human transmissions with a high probability that these transmissions were sexual. Microcephaly and other malformations of foetuses that can be connected to a Zika infection have been recorded already in 13 countries; in May they had occurred in only eight countries. In 15 countries, there has been a striking increase in the number of cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) or confirmed infections among GBS sufferers.
The WHO and the Pan American Health Organisation PAHO recently published recommendations for athletes and visitors going to the Olympic Games. These individuals should consistently protect themselves against mosquito bites by wearing suitable clothing and using insect repellent. It is also important that these individuals refrain from sex or have only protected sex during their stay in Brazil and for at least eight weeks thereafter. Pregnant women are still advised not to travel to the affected areas, in other words, not to Rio de Janeiro either.
Viaja con seguridad en la Operación Salida de vacaciones
· En el coche, los sistemas de retención infantil pueden reducir un 75% la mortalidad y un 90% las lesiones graves en caso de accidentes de tráfico
· Según datos de la Dirección General de Tráfico, en 2015 cuatro niños murieron en España en accidentes de tráfico por no viajar en una sillita adecuada a su edad
· Los menores de 1,35 metros deben viajar en los asientos traseros, nunca en el del copiloto. Deben ir en el sentido contrario de la marcha hasta que su estatura lo permita
· El uso del casco en bicicleta es obligatorio para los menores de 16 años, tanto en vías urbanas como interurbanas
Próximamente tendrá lugar la segunda Operación Salida de las vacaciones de verano, en la que se prevé que muchas familias se desplacen para disfrutar de un merecido descanso. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) los accidentes de tráfico son uno de los problemas de salud pública más importantes del mundo: cada año, mueren en las carreteras cerca de 1,25 millones de personas (en España se dejaron la vida en las carreteras el año pasado 1.126 personas, 20 de ellas menores de 14 años). El vehículo, la vía, el factor humano etc., son algunos de los factores que pueden influir en un accidente, por ello debemos estar preparados antes de un viaje. Conscientes de que la prevención supone unas de las medidas más eficaces, desde la Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (AEPap) ofrecen algunas pautas para disfrutar de un viaje seguro y recomiendan la “Guía para Padres sobre la Prevención de lesiones no intencionadas en la edad infantil” , recientemente publicada por el Comité de Seguridad y Prevención de Lesiones Infantiles de la Asociación Española de Pediatría y la Fundación Mapfre.
La facturación del mercado farmacéutico crece un 3,5% en el primer semestre
La facturación del mercado farmacéutico en el canal farmacia español ha crecido un 3,5% en el primer semestre de 2016 en relación con el mismo periodo del año anterior, con cifras positivas en todos los segmentos, marca (+3,3%), genéricos (+5,5%) yconsumer health (+2,4%), según se desprende del informe de hmR España “La farmacia española, en cifras: junio 2016”. Igualmente, se observa una tendencia al alza en las unidades en este periodo: el mercado global aumenta un 1,7%.
En estos primeros seis meses del año, todas las comunidades autónomas muestran crecimientos en el mercado total, mientras que si se hace referencia a los medicamentos de prescripción, sólo Extremadura ha reducido la facturación entre enero y junio de 2016 (-0,3%). En Cantabria, Castilla y León y Extremadura se ha reducido también el segmento de genéricos. En consumer health (incluye OTC y suplementos,personal care e higiene oral, patient care y nutrición) destaca Murcia, con un crecimiento del 14,2%. En el área de medicamentos de marca Aragón es la comunidad que presenta un mayor crecimiento (6%).
Un análisis provincial de los datos acumulados desde enero permite afirmar que hay 7 provincias en las que el mercado de genéricos supone más de un 20% del mercado total en valores (Jaén, Huelva, Zamora, Palencia, Ávila, Segovia y Soria), mientras que el segmento de consumer health ya supone un 29% o más, que es la media nacional actual, en 15 provincias (Madrid, Barcelona, Sevilla, Málaga, Granada, Las Palmas, Islas Baleares, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Almería, Gerona, Córdoba, Tarragona, Navarra, Guipúzcoa y Lérida).
Los buenos resultados semestrales de facturación del mercado farmacéutico se suman a un mes de junio al alza en el canal farmacia, sobre todo en los medicamentos de prescripción, con incrementos del 6,2% en marca y del 5,8% en genéricos. Los productos consumer healthcrecieron en este periodo un 4,8%.
GSK lidera la cuota de mercado en España con un 4,8% de las ventas en junio, seguida por Cinfa (3,6%), Sanofi (3,4%), Pfizer (3,1%) y Boehringer Ingelheim (2,6%).
Variación en valores y unidades del mercado en junio de 2016 respecto al mismo periodo de 2015

IU research points toward new blindness prevention methods in diabetic eye disease
By combining data on optometry patients' eyes with advanced computational methods, Indiana University researchers have created a virtual tissue model of diabetes in the eye.
The results, reported in the journal PLOS Computational Biology, show precisely how a small protein that can both damage or grow blood vessels in the eye causes vision loss and blindness in people with diabetes. The study could also lead to better treatment for diabetic retinopathy, which currently requires multiple invasive procedures that aren’t always effective in the long term.
The research was conducted by scientists at the IU School of Optometry and theBiocomplexity Institute in the IU School of Informatics and Computing.
A common cause of vision loss in people with diabetes, diabetic retinopathy is responsible for 1 percent of all blindness worldwide and is a leading cause of blindness in American adults.
"With the current epidemic of diabetes in adults, the number of people with vision damage from diabetes will continue to rise," said Dr. Thomas Gast, an ophthalmologist and senior scientist at the IU School of Optometry, who was a lead author on the study. "This paper establishes a step-by-step pathway from a diabetic’s elevated blood sugars to the vascular complications in the eye. Therapeutically, understanding a disease can lead to improved treatments."
A major way diabetic retinopathy threatens vision is diabetic edema. In this condition, the smallest vessels supplying the retina with oxygen become leaky, causing fluid to swell the central retinal area and impairing the type of vision required for precise activities such as reading.
This happens because the loss of blood flow in a blood vessel causes the local oxygen level to drop, which stimulates local production of vascular endothelial growth factor, or VEGF, a protein that in most tissues causes the growth of new blood vessels to repair damage. However, in a retina with elevated sugar levels, instead of repairing the damage, physicians observe a cascade of damage that propagates from the initial blocked vessel. The rate and area of the damage's progression also vary greatly between patients in a seemingly unpredictable way.
The virtual retina model in the IU study provides the first strong evidence for why this pattern of disease progression is so variable, and it predicts where damage will occur next. It shows that the blockage of one vessel causes a local loss of oxygen in the retina, which triggers release of VEGF that spreads over a larger region which, in turn, increases the probability of blockage in the surrounding vessels, creating a "domino effect."
The spread of damage from region to region depends on the detailed pattern of blood vessels in each patient and the amount of blood they carry, both of which vary greatly from person to person. Based on a patient's specific vascular structure, the IU scientists' new model calculates how much a blockage in one blood vessel will increase the probability of blockage in each neighboring vessel. As a result, their program predicts the specific rate and pattern of this cascading vascular damage in the individual.
Current treatment to stop this spread, called laser photocoagulation, places an approximately 1 millimeter square grid of burns uniformly across the back of the retina outside the area of good vision.
These burns destroy areas of retina that consume oxygen, allowing extra oxygen to move into the retina from deeper vessels behind the retina. They also create blind spots, and many patients require multiple treatments that can impair their side and night vision.
"Our analysis suggests treatment of the retina with a large number of very small laser burns could prevent this 'domino-like' progressive loss of small retinal blood vessels and prevent elevation of VEGF and the major complications of diabetic retinopathy," Gast said.
This individualized therapy would strategically place "firebreaks" of much smaller burns around areas from which the model predicts vascular damage will spread in that patient, greatly reducing the total amount of damage and reducing the probability that damage will spread between the burns and propagate despite treatment. The IU team is now planning studies in animals and, ultimately, will look to others to partner on clinical trials that implement the new treatment in humans.
They also point out that the same mechanism found to cause damage to blood vessels in the eye may cause diabetic damage to the kidneys and nerves.
"Our goal is not only to deliver answers about one disease or biological process but to provide a tool that allows researchers to answer many types of questions," said James A. Glazier, director of the IU Biocomplexity Institute, who is also an author on the paper, as well as on another recent paper that computationally described the mechanisms underlying polycystic kidney disease. "No effort anywhere else attempts to provide a general solution for deploying virtual tissues across a whole range of significant biomedical questions."
Other authors on the diabetic retinopathy study are Stephen A. Burns, professor in the IU School of Optometry, and John Gens, assistant scientist, and Xiao Fu, graduate student, of the IU Biocomplexity Institute. Gast and Burns imaged the patients’ retinal capillaries. Fu and Glazier created the virtual diabetic retina model. Gast and Gens synthesized past animal and clinical studies on diabetic retinopathy.
This study was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health, the Falk Foundation and the IU Collaborative Research Grant Program.
Happy cows make more nutritious milk
Daily infusions with a chemical commonly associated with feelings of happiness were shown to increase calcium levels in the blood of Holstein cows and the milk of Jersey cows that had just given birth. The results, published in the Journal of Endocrinology, could lead to a better understanding of how to improve the health of dairy cows, and keep the milk flowing.
Demand is high for milk rich in calcium: there is more calcium in the human body than any other mineral, and in the West dairy products such as milk, cheese and yoghurt are primary sources of calcium. But this demand can take its toll on milk-producing cows: roughly 5-10% of the North American dairy cow population suffers from hypocalcaemia – in which calcium levels are low. The risk of this disease is particularly high immediately before and after cows give birth.
Hypocalcaemia is considered a major health event in the life of a cow. It is associated with immunological and digestive problems, decreased pregnancy rates and longer intervals between pregnancies. These all pose a problem for dairy farmers, whose profitability depends upon regular pregnancies and a high-yield of calcium-rich milk.
Whilst there has been research into the treatment of hypocalcaemia, little research has focused on prevention. In rodents it has been shown that serotonin (a naturally-occurring chemical commonly associated with feelings of happiness) plays a role in maintaining calcium levels; based on this, a team from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, led by Dr Laura Hernandez, investigated the potential for serotonin to increase calcium levels in both the milk and blood of dairy cows. The team infused a chemical that converts to serotonin into 24 dairy cows, in the run up to giving birth. Half the cows were Jersey and half were Holstein – two of the most common breeds. Calcium levels in both the milk and circulating blood were measured throughout the experiment.
Whilst serotonin improved the overall calcium status in both breeds, this was brought about in opposite ways. Treated Holstein cows had higher levels of calcium in their blood, but lower calcium in their milk (compared to controls). The reverse was true in treated Jersey cows and the higher milk calcium levels were particularly obvious in Jerseys at day 30 of lactation – suggesting a role for serotonin in maintaining levels throughout lactation.
“By studying two breeds we were able to see that regulation of calcium levels is different between the two,” says Laura Hernandez. “Serotonin raised blood calcium in the Holsteins, and milk calcium in the Jerseys. We should also note that serotonin treatment had no effect on milk yield, feed intake or on levels of hormones required for lactation.”
The next steps are to investigate the molecular mechanism by which serotonin regulates calcium levels, and how this varies between breeds.
“We would also like to work on the possibility of using serotonin as a preventative measure for hypocalcaemia in dairy cows,” continues Laura Hernandez, “That would allow dairy farmers to maintain the profitability of their businesses, whilst making sure their cows stay healthy and produce nutritious milk.”
El comité asesor de la FDA recomienda la aprobación del biosimilar etanercept de Sandoz para el tratamiento de múltiples enfermedades inflamatorias
Sandoz, división de Novartis y líder en biosimilares, ha anunciado hoy que el Comité Asesor de la Artritis de la Agencia de Medicamentos y Alimentosde Estados Unidos, (FDA por sus siglas en inglés) recomienda la aprobación del biosimilar etanercept propuesto. El comité votó por unanimidad (20-0) su apoyo al biosimilar etanercept para las cinco indicaciones del producto de referencia, incluyendo la artritis reumatoide (AR), la psoriasis en placas (PSO), la artritis psoriásica (APs), la espondilitis anquilosante (EA) y la artritis idiopática juvenil (AIJ) poliarticular.
“Estamos muy animados por la recomendación favorable del comité asesor anunciado hoy para nuestro etanercept biosimilar propuesto“ ha declarado Mark McCamish, M. D., Ph.D., Director Internacional de Desarrollo Biofarmacéutico de Sandoz. "Como líder del mercado mundial de biosimilares, tenemos el placer de seguir avanzando alineados con nuestro objetivo de ampliar el acceso a los pacientes con nuestro etanercept biosimilar propuesto, y esperamos seguir trabajando con la FDA mientras completan la revisión de nuestra solicitud".
La recomendación se ha dado tras la presentación de los datos de un programa de desarrollo global, incluyendo estudios analíticos, preclínicos y clínicos del biosimilar etanercept de Sandoz, que demostró biosimilitud con el producto de referencia. Los estudios clínicos incluyeron cuatro estudios farmacocinéticos (PK) comparativos en 216 voluntarios sanos** y un estudio que confirmó la similitud en eficacia y seguridad en 531 pacientes con psoriasis en placas.
La FDA solicita a menudo el consejo de sus comités asesores, ya que revisan y deciden si aprueban las solicitudes, aunque la agencia no siempre sigue sus recomendaciones.
En Diciembre de 2015, la Agencia Europea del Medicamento (EMA por sus siglas en inglés) aceptó la Solicitud de Autorización de Comercialización (MAA por sus siglas en inglés) parael biosimilar de Amgen con licencia en EE.UU Enbrel®, el cual, espera ser aprobado para las misma indicaciones que el producto de referencia.
Sandoz tiene el firme compromiso de aumentar el acceso de los pacientes a medicamentos de calidad como los biosimilares, que contribuyen a mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas. Es pionero y líder global en el mercado de biosimilares y, en la actualidad, comercializa tres biosimilares. Sandoz tiene una cartera de biosimilares líder en el mercado, incluidos activos en inmunología y oncología. Como parte del grupo Novartis, Sandoz está bien posicionada para liderar la industria de los biosimilares en base a su experiencia y capacidad de desarrollo, fabricación y comercialización.
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